{"count":1078,"dataset":"claims","rows":[{"claim":"Pseudomonas chlororaphis MA342 has replaced approximately 1.5 million litres of chemical fungicides.","geography":"EU Member States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Thanks to its application, it has safely replaced the use of approximately 1,5 million litres of chemical fungicides and is, as of today, the only reliable substitution for chemical seed treatment.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.koppert.com/news-information/news/active-pseudomonas-registration-successfully-renewed-in-europe-for-15-years/","substitution":"A01","url":"","value":"1.5 million litres","year":"over 25 years"},{"claim":"The product is used as a biofungicide on more than 100,000 hectares across EU Member States.","geography":"EU Member States","kind":"displacement","quote":"MA342 is a micro-organism used in both conventional and organic farming and is used as a biofungicide on more than 100,000 hectares for over 25 years across EU Member States.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.koppert.com/news-information/news/active-pseudomonas-registration-successfully-renewed-in-europe-for-15-years/","substitution":"A01","url":"","value":"100,000 hectares","year":"over 25 years"},{"claim":"Drivers for the adoption of the product include the limited use of chemical fungicides and increasing pressure to treat common bunt and Fusarium spp.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The limited use of chemical fungicides and the increasing pressure to treat common bunt (tilletia caries) and Fusarium spp. are drivers for the intensified adoption of the product.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.koppert.com/news-information/news/active-pseudomonas-registration-successfully-renewed-in-europe-for-15-years/","substitution":"A01","url":"","value":"limited use of chemical fungicides and increasing pressure to treat common bunt and Fusarium spp.","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In field experiments, MA342 controlled seed-borne diseases as effectively as the chemical treatment guazatine + imazalil.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"The bacterization controlled seed-borne diseases caused by Drechslera (Pyrenophora) graminea, D. teres, D. avenae, Ustilago avenae, U. hordei, and Tilletia caries, as effectively as guazatine + imazalil, and these effects were consistent over the years and over varying climatic zones.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://research.slu.se/en/publications/performance-of-the-pseudomonas-chlororaphis-biocontrol-agent-ma-3/","substitution":"A01","url":"","value":"as effectively as guazatine + imazalil","year":"1991-1996"},{"claim":"The biological seed treatment MA342 has replaced approximately 1.5 million litres of chemical fungicides.","geography":"EU Member States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Thanks to its application, it has safely replaced the use of approximately 1,5 million litres of chemical fungicides and is, as of today, the only reliable substitution for chemical seed treatment.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.koppert.com/news-information/news/active-pseudomonas-registration-successfully-renewed-in-europe-for-15-years/","substitution":"A01","url":"","value":"1.5 million litres","year":"over 25 years"},{"claim":"A significant amount of conventionally cultivated cereal in Sweden is dressed with Cedomon.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"driver","quote":"In Sweden a big amount of conventionally cultivated cereal is also dressed with Cedomon.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://orgprints.dk/id/eprint/11271/1/fnytt105.pdf","substitution":"A01","url":"","value":"a big amount","year":"2005-2006"},{"claim":"Mustard flour was found to be an effective seed treatment against common bunt in wheat in field trials without reducing germination vigour.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"performance","quote":"In field trials mustard flour was able to control seed borne infection by common bunt (Tilletia tritici) in wheat without decreasing the germination vigour of the treated seeds.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/1115/1/1115.htm","substitution":"A02","url":"","value":"100% reduction (not significantly different from 100%)","year":"1996-1997"},{"claim":"Mustard flour treatment reduced common bunt infection by 89.9% in field trials.","geography":"Iran","kind":"performance","quote":"Treatments of Mustard flour and mustard flour + mixture of four isolates, reduced the disease by 89.9% and 87.4% respectively.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://jcpp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-1091-en.html","substitution":"A02","url":"","value":"89.9%","year":"2009"},{"claim":"In Sweden, 40% of certified seeds are treated using the ThermoSeed process.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Sweden, 40% of certified seeds come from ThermoSeed.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market 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ThermoSeed.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Norway, Felleskjøpet, ThermoSeed’s Norwegian customer, accounts for 50% of the accredited cereal seeds in the country.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2024/thermoseed-a-swedish-seed-solution/","substitution":"A03","url":"","value":"50%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Approximately 160,000 tons of seeds are treated annually using the ThermoSeed technique globally.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Each year, 160,000 tons of seeds globally are treated using the ThermoSeed technique.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2024/thermoseed-a-swedish-seed-solution/","substitution":"A03","url":"","value":"160,000 tons","year":"2024"},{"claim":"ThermoSeed provides yield results comparable to or better than chemical seed treatments.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"The system delivers yield results comparable to or even better than chemical seed treatments.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.seedworld.com/europe/2023/12/19/steam-cleaning-seed-the-transformative-power-of-the-thermoseed-system/","substitution":"A03","url":"","value":"comparable to or even better","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The switch to ThermoSeed is driven by EU environmental and agricultural laws, such as the Green Deal, and increasing market demand for natural and sustainable food.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"ThermoSeed’s success is partly thanks to changes in European environmental and agricultural laws over the past decade. In 2020, the European Union (EU) approved the Green New Deal, which commits the European Commission to reduce the use and risk of chemical pesticides by 50% by 2030, thus increasing demand for sustainable treatments like Thermoseed.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2024/thermoseed-a-swedish-seed-solution/","substitution":"A03","url":"","value":"EU Green Deal, market demand","year":"2020-2024"},{"claim":"In Sweden, ThermoSeed-treated seeds have a market share of 40 percent.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Sweden, ThermoSeed-treated seeds already have a market share of 40 percent and in Norway, 60 percent.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://foodplanetprize.org/initiatives/thermoseeds-steam-cleaning-could-be-the-future-of-crop-health/","substitution":"A03","url":"","value":"40%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Norway, ThermoSeed-treated seeds have a market share of 60 percent.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Sweden, ThermoSeed-treated seeds already have a market share of 40 percent and in Norway, 60 percent.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://foodplanetprize.org/initiatives/thermoseeds-steam-cleaning-could-be-the-future-of-crop-health/","substitution":"A03","url":"","value":"60%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Sweden alone, the use of approximately 3,000 cubic metres of chemicals has been prevented since the adoption of ThermoSeed.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since then, the co-op estimates that the method has prevented the use of approximately 3,000 cubic metres of chemicals.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.euronews.com/2024/09/04/this-chemical-free-method-for-treating-seeds-is-winning-over-sceptical-farmers-in-sweden-a","substitution":"A03","url":"","value":"3,000 cubic metres","year":"2008-2024"},{"claim":"A global meta-analysis of 396 studies found that biological seed treatments significantly improve crop yield by 21±2% compared to untreated seeds.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Our meta-analysis encompassing 396 studies worldwide reveals for the first time that biological seed treatments significantly improve seed germination (7±6%), seedling emergence (91±5%), plant biomass (53±5%), disease control (55±1%), and crop yield (21±2%) compared to untreated seeds across contrasted crop groups, target pathogens, climatic regions, and experimental conditions.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13593-022-00761-z.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported\u0026code=a07d1050-dd15-4859-8ca7-4bf12b38a250","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"21±2%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"A microbial consortium-based product of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum increased potato tuber yield by 63.58% compared to untreated controls in field trials.","geography":"not specified","kind":"performance","quote":"These results indicate that the application of the MCB product increased potato yield by 63.58% (Fig.S1A).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1751-7915.13876","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"63.58%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"In Belgium, Bacillus-based seed treatments are projected to represent 25–35% of the total seed treatment value by 2035, up from 10–15% in 2026.","geography":"Belgium","kind":"displacement","quote":"By 2035, Bacillus-based products could represent 25–35% of the total seed treatment value in Belgium, up from an estimated 10–15% in 2026.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/belgium-bacillus-based-seed-treatments-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"25–35% by 2035, 10–15% in 2026","year":"2026-2035"},{"claim":"Bacillus-based seed treatments in Belgium cost 2.5–4.0 times more per hectare than standard chemical seed treatments.","geography":"Belgium","kind":"economics","quote":"Pricing for Bacillus-based seed treatments in Belgium reflects a premium positioning relative to conventional chemistry, with per-hectare treatment costs typically running 2.5–4.0 times higher than standard chemical seed treatments.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/belgium-bacillus-based-seed-treatments-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"2.5–4.0 times higher","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Regulatory pressure on conventional chemistry and downstream buyer requirements for low-residue production are primary drivers for the adoption of Bacillus-based seed treatments in Belgium.","geography":"Belgium","kind":"driver","quote":"This growth trajectory is underpinned by three reinforcing drivers: regulatory pressure on conventional chemistry, downstream buyer requirements for low-residue production, and the expanding efficacy and reliability of Bacillus-based formulations.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/belgium-bacillus-based-seed-treatments-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"regulatory pressure, buyer requirements, efficacy","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In Brazil, 82.6% of soybean farmers interviewed reported using inoculants, while 44.3% reported using biofungicides for soil diseases.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"The average adoption was estimated in 82.6% for inoculants; 21.1% for biosolubilizer; 33.7% for biofungicide for leaf diseases; 44.3% for biofungicide for soil diseases; 32.9% for bioinsecticides made of fungi; and 39.3% for bionematicides.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/4y3107kgjcg","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"82.6% for inoculants; 44.3% for biofungicide for soil diseases","year":"2026"},{"claim":"According to EMBRAPA, 55% of Brazil's cultivated land now utilizes some form of biological input.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"According to EMBRAPA, 55% of the country’s cultivated land now utilizes some form of biological input, demonstrating the nation’s substantial potential in this sector (Morrison 2024).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sciopen.com/local/article_pdf/10.1016/j.jia.2025.09.013.pdf","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"55%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In the 2021/2022 crop season, 88% of the soybean cultivated area in Brazil used inoculants containing Bradyrhizobium.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"However, in the 2021/2022 crop season, this number increased to 88%, representing a significant growth of 18%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10675046/","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"88%","year":"2021/2022"},{"claim":"Bacteria held a 68% market share in the microbial seed treatment market in 2024.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Bacteria held a 68% market share in the microbial seed treatment market in 2024, and fungi are forecasted to grow at the fastest rate, with a 11.2% CAGR through 2030.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/microbial-seed-treatment-market","substitution":"A04","url":"","value":"68%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Neonicotinoid seed treatments are used prophylactically on nearly 100% of corn acreage and about 60% of soybean acreage in Quebec, Canada.","geography":"Quebec, Canada","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the province of Quebec, Canada, seeds coated with neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used as a prophylactic treatment on almost 100% of corn acreages and canola, and about 60% of soybean acreages, representing over 500,000 ha sown with treated seeds each year [26].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7043745/","substitution":"A05","url":"","value":"almost 100% of corn acreages and about 60% of soybean acreages","year":"2020 (study period 2012-2016)"},{"claim":"ATTRACAP (Metarhizium brunneum) performed similarly to chemical insecticides under conditions of low wireworm infestation in sunflower trials.","geography":"Serbia","kind":"performance","quote":"ATTRACAP performed similar to all chemical insecticides applied under conditions of LOW wireworm infestation","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.isasunflower.org/fileadmin/documents/Proceedings/20thISC2022/Section_5_Biotic_stress_resistance/Sonja_GVOZDENAC.pdf","substitution":"A05","url":"","value":"performed similar to all chemical insecticides","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Entomopathogenic fungi applied as granules or soil drenches provided efficacy comparable or superior to imidacloprid seed treatment in spring wheat trials.","geography":"Montana, USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Meanwhile, the fungi applied as formulated granules or as soil drench achieved an efficacy comparable or superior to the imidacloprid seed treatment both in terms of the number of plants and yield levels.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201114000809","substitution":"A05","url":"","value":"comparable or superior to the imidacloprid seed treatment","year":"2014"},{"claim":"Legislative changes at the EU level, including bans and moratoriums on neonicotinoid seed treatments, have driven the search for alternative wireworm control solutions.","geography":"European Union and Serbia","kind":"driver","quote":"Negative effects (pollinators, aquatic invertebrates and fish, beneficial species, the environment and human health) have initiated legislative changes at the EU level. ... EU banned and/or restricted a number of chemical compounds ... initiated the search for alternative environmentally friendly solutions for wireworm pest control","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.isasunflower.org/fileadmin/documents/Proceedings/20thISC2022/Section_5_Biotic_stress_resistance/Sonja_GVOZDENAC.pdf","substitution":"A05","url":"","value":"legislative changes at the EU level","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In Brazil, approximately 50% of registered microbial biopesticides are mycoinsecticides, with most based on Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Approximately 50% of registered microbial biopesticides comprise mycoinsecticides and/or mycoacaricides consisting of hypocrealean fungi, with most based on Metarhizium anisopliae sensu stricto (s. str.) and Beauveria bassiana s. str.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022201117303658","substitution":"A05","url":"","value":"50%","year":"2017"},{"claim":"In Brazil, the potential area treated with biological inputs in main crops has increased from 21.9% to 46.7% in the last five years.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"In the last five years, the potential area treated with these products (PAT) has increased from 21,9% to 46,7% in the main crops, a significant rise.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://revistacultivar.com/news/The-use-of-bio-inputs-is-advancing-and-generating-%244.35-billion-in-Brazil.","substitution":"A05","url":"","value":"21.9% to 46.7%","year":"2020-2025"},{"claim":"Biopesticides comprise a small share of approximately 10% of the total crop protection market globally.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A05","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Biological control agents for Russian knapweed, such as the gall midge Jaapiella ivannikovi and the gall wasp Aulacidea acroptilonica, are used to suppress the weed by reducing seed production and plant biomass, but they are not a replacement for conventional control methods.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Biological control is rarely used as an eradication method and our agents do not directly kill the target weed.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://ag.colorado.gov/conservation/biocontrol/russian-knapweed","substitution":"A06","url":"","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Chemical control remains a primary method for managing Russian knapweed, and biological control is intended to act in combination with other methods rather than displace them.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"It is not expected that A. acroptilonica alone will control populations of Russian knapweed, but will act in combination with other control methods or biological control agents.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/32554.pdf\"}}],has_displaced_at_scale:{\"citations\":[1,2,3,4,7],\"confidence\":\"high\",\"value\":\"no\"},new_practice:","substitution":"A06","url":"","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"The Colorado Department of Agriculture implemented a statewide biological control program using Puccinia punctiformis, but it was placed on temporary hold in 2021 due to regulatory and permitting issues.","geography":"Colorado, USA","kind":"driver","quote":"As a result, we put Colorado’s statewide distribution program on temporary hold in 2021 at a point when demand was high, with over 1,000 requests for the rust from farmers,ranchersand other end users.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104996442400046X","substitution":"A07","url":"","value":"1,000 requests","year":"2021"},{"claim":"In a study of 87 sites treated with Puccinia punctiformis, Canada thistle stem densities declined at approximately 77% of the sites over an eight-year period.","geography":"Colorado, USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Following these releases, we observed declines in CT stem density in∼77% of those sites over the eight-year period.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104996442400046X","substitution":"A07","url":"","value":"77% of sites","year":"2014-2021"},{"claim":"The Colorado Department of Agriculture's statewide program for distributing Puccinia punctiformis inoculum was placed on hold in 2021 due to regulatory reclassification.","geography":"Colorado, USA","kind":"driver","quote":"As a result, we put Colorado’s statewide distribution program on temporary hold in 2021 at a point when demand was high, with over 1,000 requests for the rust from farmers, ranchers and other end users.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104996442400046X","substitution":"A07","url":"","value":"1,000 requests","year":"2021"},{"claim":"By 2020, the Colorado Department of Agriculture's program had scaled up to distributing 31.5 kg of rust fungus inoculum.","geography":"Colorado, USA","kind":"performance","quote":"By 2020, the CDA’s Thistle Rust Bio Control Program had ramped up its sales to 420 x 75g inoculum packages for a total of 31.5 kg.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://sapaastewards.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/fungal-pathogens-and-biological-control-updated-sept-2-2025.pdf","substitution":"A07","url":"","value":"31.5 kg","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Field studies in Italy showed that Ophraella communa can reduce Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen production by 82%.","geography":"Italy","kind":"performance","quote":"Field studies in Italy prove evidence that O. communa can reduce A. artemisiifolia pollen production by 82%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15586-1","substitution":"A08","url":"","value":"82%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"In field trials, Ophraella communa significantly suppressed ragweed plant height and branches and showed a higher leaf control index compared to herbicide treatment with Roundup.","geography":"China","kind":"performance","quote":"Even when O. communa was released at a low average density of 1.07 adults per plant at early growth stage of A. artemisiifolia in 2009, it could significantly suppress plant height and number of branches and led to a higher leaf control index compared with the herbicide treatment with Roundup.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/ttl2mzrlg9s","substitution":"A08","url":"","value":"1.07 adults per plant","year":"2009"},{"claim":"The introduction of Zygogramma suturalis in the USSR resulted in the disappearance of ragweed phytomass in fields and a reduction of infestation areas, meeting the goal of suppression in agrophytocenoses.","geography":"Russia","kind":"displacement","quote":"The disappearance of a huge phytomass of the common ragweed in the fields, an abrupt drop in the seed density in the soil, reduction of the infestation areas, and absence of large and dense weed patches in satellite images testify to the fact that the goal of phytophage introduction, i.e., suppression of the common ragweed in agrophytocenoses, has been met.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bft49q9hzvm","substitution":"A08","url":"","value":"large measured reduction","year":"1960-1980s"},{"claim":"In the Milan area, airborne common ragweed pollen levels in 2013 and 2014 were approximately 80% lower than in years prior to the establishment of the leaf beetle Ophraella communa, suggesting a significant impact on the target weed.","geography":"Italy","kind":"performance","quote":"Bonini et al. (2016) showed that airborne common ragweed pollen levels observed in the Milan area in 2013 and 2014 were approximately 80% lower than in years prior to the establishment of O. communa.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10526-017-9844-6","substitution":"A08","url":"","value":"80% lower","year":"2013-2014"},{"claim":"In field experiments in 2009, the leaf beetle Ophraella communa significantly suppressed common ragweed height and branching, leading to a higher leaf control index compared to herbicide treatment with Roundup.","geography":"China","kind":"performance","quote":"Even when O. communa was released at a low average density of 1.07 adults per plant at early growth stage of A. artemisiifolia in 2009, it could significantly suppress plant height and number of branches and led to a higher leaf control index compared with the herbicide treatment with Roundup.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/ttl2mzrlg9s","substitution":"A08","url":"","value":"higher leaf control index","year":"2009"},{"claim":"The gall mite Aceria malherbae has not displaced conventional control methods at scale, as its impact is variable and field bindweed remains a problematic weed.","geography":"","kind":"displacement","quote":"","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bugwoodcloud.org/resource/files/31490.pdf","substitution":"A09","url":"","value":"not applicable","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Research indicates that combining Aceria malherbae with sublethal doses of herbicides can be more effective at reducing root biomass than using either the mite or herbicides alone.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Combining A. malherbae feeding with either 2,4-DB or glyphosate application reduced root biomass of field bindweed plants more than mites or either herbicide alone.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/combined-effects-of-aceria-malherbae-and-herbicides-on-field-bind/","substitution":"A09","url":"","value":"37 to 48% reduction in shoot biomass and 46 to 50% reduction in root biomass from mite feeding alone","year":"2004"},{"claim":"In 2003, a survey of 175 established sites in the Texas Panhandle found that 79 percent were infested with the gall mite Aceria malherbae.","geography":"Texas Panhandle, USA","kind":"performance","quote":"In 2003 we surveyed all sites and 79 percent were found to be infested.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://wsweedscience.org/wp-content/uploads/05-Mowing-w-Biocontrol-for-Field-Bindweed-Management-Michels.pdf","substitution":"A09","url":"","value":"79%","year":"2003"},{"claim":"Biopesticides currently comprise about 10% of the global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A09","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Following the withdrawal of diquat, most growers in the UK have switched to a mechanical flail-based system for potato haulm destruction.","geography":"UK","kind":"driver","quote":"Most diquat users will switch to a mechanical flail-based system for 2020","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/potatoes/what-potato-growers-need-to-consider-ahead-of-diquat-ban","substitution":"A10","url":"","value":"most diquat users","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Trials showed that alternative chemical desiccants (Spotlight/Gozai) and mechanical flailing can achieve desiccation speeds comparable to the former diquat-based process, with only a 1-2 day delay in skinset.","geography":"UK","kind":"performance","quote":"There was, on average, a 1-2 day delay in skinset for Spotlight/Gozai compared to Reglone, flail, haulm-pulling or Saltex, and this should be factored into any harvesting schedule","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://projectblue.blob.core.windows.net/media/Default/Potatoes/SPot%20Week%202021%20Presentations%20/AHDB%20Desiccation%20SPot%20Farm%20Results%20Mark%20Stalham%20190121.pdf","substitution":"A10","url":"","value":"1-2 day delay","year":"2019-2020"},{"claim":"The primary driver for the switch away from diquat was the EU Commission's decision to withdraw its approval due to safety concerns for bystanders, residents, and birds.","geography":"UK/EU","kind":"driver","quote":"In October 2018, the EU Commission confirmed its decision to withdraw the approval of diquat, based on concerns related to the precautionary principle of exposure of bystanders and residents, as well as birds.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://projectbluearchive.blob.core.windows.net/media/Default/Research%20Papers/Potatoes/Haulm%20destruction/SPot%20Desiccation%20Report_2020.pdf","substitution":"A10","url":"","value":"withdrawal of approval","year":"2018-2019"},{"claim":"Biological desiccants are projected to potentially displace 8-12% of diquat volume in European potato haulm destruction by 2033.","geography":"Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biological desiccants remain at low technology readiness but could displace 8-12% of diquat volume in European potato haulm destruction by 2033.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.datainsightsreports.com/reports/diquat-dichloride-331180","substitution":"A10","url":"","value":"8-12%","year":"2033"},{"claim":"Organic no-till strategies using roller-crimping eliminated the need for tillage and reduced variable costs by 14% compared to plow-cultivated plots.","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"Organic no-till strategies eliminated the need for tillage and reduced variable costs by 14% over plow-cultivated plots, and generated ∼19% greater net revenue across the study period (no-till vs tillage = US $845 vs US $711 ha −1).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6BCAC5458FF7400F38BABF880AC4C7E2/S1742170523000522a.pdf/cover_crop_management_strategies_affect_weeds_and_profitability_of_organic_notill_soybean.pdf","substitution":"A11","url":"","value":"14% reduction in variable costs","year":"2018-2021"},{"claim":"Targeted timing of roller-crimped hairy vetch in no-till sunflower can result in equal agronomic and economic performance as glyphosate-based systems.","geography":"Italy (implied by context of study)","kind":"performance","quote":"This study, for the first time, shows that targeted timing of roller-crimped hairy vetch in no-till sunflower can result in equal agronomic and economic performances as addition of glyphosate.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-022-00815-2","substitution":"A11","url":"","value":"equal agronomic and economic performance","year":"3-year experiment"},{"claim":"Using roller-crimpers paired with a chemical application for cover crop termination is not a popular approach in the corn-soybean rotation system in the US Midwest.","geography":"USA Midwest","kind":"driver","quote":"Using rollercrimpers paired with a chemical application for cover crop termination is not a popular approach in the corn-soybean rotation system in the US Midwest (Mirsky et al., 2009) .","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/vnjm9g56sxv","substitution":"A11","url":"","value":"not a popular approach","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In the United States, chemical termination is the most common method for killing cover crops, used on almost two-thirds of the acreage in soybean, corn-for-grain, and cotton fields.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"In soybean, corn-for-grain, and cotton fields, chemical termination was used on almost two-thirds of the acreage (figure 10).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/publications/100551/EIB-222.pdf?v=75804","substitution":"A11","url":"","value":"almost two-thirds","year":"not specified (report published 2021)"},{"claim":"Contans is a biological fungicide registered for use in oilseed rape and vegetables in Germany and Switzerland.","geography":"Germany and Switzerland","kind":"driver","quote":"The biocontrol agent Contansâ is based on conidia of the soil fungus Coniothyrium minitans, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. It has been registered for use in oilseed rape and vegetables in Germany. ... the product is registered in Germany for oilseed rape and lettuce and in Switzerland for lettuce,","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.gcirc.org/fileadmin/documents/Proceedings/IRC1999Canberravol2/227.htm","substitution":"A12","url":"","value":"registered for use in oilseed rape and vegetables in Germany and Switzerland","year":"1999"},{"claim":"A single application of Contans is expected to cost growers between $30 and $35 per acre.","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"A single application of Contans is expected to cost growers between $30 and $35 per acre.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/biological_products_available_for_late_season_white_mold_treatment","substitution":"A12","url":"","value":"$30 and $35 per acre","year":"2014"},{"claim":"In a field study, 10 months after Contans application, 8.5% of sclerotia were alive in treated fields compared to 74% in control fields.","geography":"USA (Oregon)","kind":"performance","quote":"Ten months after the Contans application, 8.5% of sclerotia (buried or on the surface) were alive in Cm treatment fields compared to 74% in the control fields (almost 9 times more living sclerotia in the control than in the Cm treatment fields).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/horticulture/oregon-vegetables/Stone%20OPVC%20Report%20Dec%2022%202010%20FINAL.pdf","substitution":"A12","url":"","value":"8.5% vs 74% alive sclerotia","year":"2010"},{"claim":"The greatest barrier to more widespread adoption of biofungicides like Contans appears to be the perceived return on investment, as not all growers are convinced that the extra cost is justified by the increase in yield.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Currently, the greatest barrier to more widespread adoption of these biofungicides appears to be the perceived return on investment, as not all growers are convinced that the extra cost for biofungicides is justified by the increase in yield.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://agriculture.canada.ca/en/science/agriculture-and-agri-food-research-centres/pest-management-centre/pesticide-risk-reduction-pest-management-centre/pesticide-risk-reduction-strategies/farm-field-demonstration-use-biofungicides-within-integrated-approach-manage-sclerotinia","substitution":"A12","url":"","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"In Brazil, Bacillus-based products accounted for approximately 48% of the biological control market by the end of 2025.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Currently, Bacillus-based products accounted for approximately 48% of the Brazilian biological control market, highlighting the prevalence of this genus in the sector.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://visualize.jove.com/42803879-bacilli-the-most-important-biocontrol-agent-in-brazilian-agriculture-from-mechanisms-of-action-to-market-adoption","substitution":"A13","url":"","value":"48%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The use of the bio-pesticide ICAR-FUSICONT for managing Fusarium wilt in bananas led to a twofold increase in net returns for adopting farmers compared to control farmers.","geography":"India","kind":"economics","quote":"The farmers who adopted the technology witnessed a twofold increase in the net returns while the returns per rupee of expenditure increased from 1.30-1.34 to 1.78-1.85.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://horticultureresearch.net/jah/Impact%20assessment%20of%20ICAR%20FUSICONT%20using%20economic%20surplus.pdf","substitution":"A13","url":"","value":"twofold increase in net returns","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"Biofungicides based on Bacillus spp. are primarily positioned as alternatives in preventive or early interventions in Brazilian soybean farming, rather than full replacements for chemical programs.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Biofungicides for leaf diseases and soil diseases were reported by 33.7% and 44.3%, respectively, and were primarily positioned as alternatives in preventive or early interventions","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/4y3107kgjcg","substitution":"A13","url":"","value":"33.7% and 44.3% adoption for leaf and soil diseases respectively","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The expansion of the Brazilian biopesticide market is driven by regulatory advances, farmer adoption, and the need for sustainable agriculture.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"Economic, environmental, regulatory, and technological factors drive the expansion of Brazil’s biopesticide market.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1574269/full","substitution":"A13","url":"","value":"not applicable","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The global use of biofungicides in 2024 reached 1350 kt, accounting for 35% of the worldwide fungicide market by volume.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The global use of biofungicides in 2024 reached 1350 kt, accounting for 35% of the worldwide fungicide market by volume—a 25% increase since 2020.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/12/1/22","substitution":"A13","url":"","value":"35%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Brazil, the adoption of biofungicides for leaf diseases was estimated at 33.7% and for soil diseases at 44.3% among soybean farmers with more than 200 hectares in 2025.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"The average adoption was estimated in 82.6% for inoculants; 21.1% for biosolubilizer; 33.7% for biofungicide for leaf diseases; 44.3% for biofungicide for soil diseases; 32.9% for bioinsecticides made of fungi; and 39.3% for bionematicides.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/4y3107kgjcg","substitution":"A13","url":"","value":"33.7% and 44.3%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In Brazil, bioinputs were used on 28% of the area planted with soy in the 2021-22 harvest.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Bioinputs were used on 28% of the area planted with soy or 10.5 million hectares, 52% of the sugarcane area at 4.74 million hectares, and 26% of offseason corn at 3.8 million hectares.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l025n1wyl6z","substitution":"A13","url":"","value":"28%","year":"2021-22"},{"claim":"In Niigata Prefecture, Japan, the introduction of the Koshihikari BL multiline rice variety on 94,000 hectares in 2005 led to a two-thirds reduction in fungicidal applications for blast control compared to 2004 levels.","geography":"Niigata Prefecture, Japan","kind":"displacement","quote":"The most elite nonglutinous cultivar, Koshihikari, was converted into the multiline, Koshihikari BL (blast resistant lines) and planted on 94,000 ha in 2005. ... In addition, fungicidal application was reduced by two-thirds after the introduction of BL.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://preview-www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19237-x","substitution":"A14","url":"","value":"94,000 ha; two-thirds reduction in fungicidal application","year":"2005-2019"},{"claim":"In Yunnan Province, China, a two-year program of planting genetically diversified rice crops across all rice fields in five townships in 1998 and ten townships in 1999 resulted in the cessation of fungicidal sprays.","geography":"Yunnan Province, China","kind":"displacement","quote":"The experiment was so successful that fungicidal sprays were no longer applied by the end of the two-year programme.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://nature.com/articles/35021046","substitution":"A14","url":"","value":"100% reduction in fungicidal sprays","year":"1998-1999"},{"claim":"Among conventional farmers, the use of variety mixtures can typically reduce the number of necessary fungicide treatments by one.","geography":"Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"Among conventional farmers, variety mixtures can typically reduce the number of necessary fungicide treatments by one.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/6/821","substitution":"A14","url":"","value":"one treatment reduction","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Biological control agents, including Clonostachys rosea, have not displaced conventional chemical fungicides for Fusarium head blight control at a commercial scale.","geography":"","kind":"displacement","quote":"","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-08-23-0292-R","substitution":"A15","url":"","value":"0% displacement","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Meta-analyses indicate that biocontrol agents are generally less efficacious than conventional agrochemicals for reducing pathogen abundance and mycotoxin control.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"However, BCAs overall were less efficacious than conventional agrochemicals, especially in terms of pathogen abundance and FHB reductions, as well as of mycotoxin prevention/control, although inconsistencies were reported among the investigated moderator variables.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-08-23-0292-R","substitution":"A15","url":"","value":"less efficacious than conventional agrochemicals","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The alternating application of the biofungicide ACM941 and the chemical fungicide Folicur reduces the amount of chemical pesticide released into the environment by 50%.","geography":"Canada","kind":"performance","quote":"The alternating application of ACM 941 with Folicur reduces the amount of chemical pesticide released into the environment by 50%, and can act as a strategy for managing the risk of development of pathogen resistance to Folicur.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://agriculture.canada.ca/en/agricultural-production/crop-protection/agricultural-pest-management-resources/new-biofungicide-manage-fusarium-head-blight-wheat","substitution":"A15","url":"","value":"50%","year":"2013"},{"claim":"In a study, an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy combining biological control agents/plant resistance inducers with reduced fungicide applications achieved a 55% reduction in total fungicide usage compared to the standard treatment without compromising yield or disease control.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"displacement","quote":"Indeed, a reduction of 55% in fungicide usage (Table 1 ) compared to the standard fungicide treatment was achieved.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/nc163kt4p3r","substitution":"A16","url":"","value":"55% reduction in fungicide usage","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In field trials, the application of specific bacterial and fungal bioagents in combination with four sprays of chemical fungicide (Curzate M8) reduced fungicide application frequencies by 50% compared to the standard eight-spray approach.","geography":"Bangladesh","kind":"displacement","quote":"These bioagents can reduce the spray frequencies of Curzate M8 by 50% (four sprays instead of eight) when applied together with this fungicide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4383","substitution":"A16","url":"","value":"50% reduction in fungicide application frequency","year":"2022"},{"claim":"A sequential treatment strategy, using a botanical extract (Frangula alnus) followed by a switch to low-dose copper, resulted in a 70% reduction in copper application compared to the full dosage.","geography":"Switzerland","kind":"displacement","quote":"This sequential treatment, during which an F. alnus solution was first sprayed until disease pressure was elevated, followed by a switch to a low-dose copper treatment midway through the season, resulted in a 70% reduction in copper application compared with the full dosage (i.e., the maximum application allowed in Switzerland per year with 10 applications).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2582-RE","substitution":"A16","url":"","value":"70% reduction in copper application","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Biopesticides comprise a small share of the total global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A16","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In 12 European countries, 56% of organic producers use less than half of the allowable amount of copper.","geography":"Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 12 European countries, 56% of producers already use half of the allowable amount of copper (Tamm et al. 2022), showing that the reduction is feasible and potentially could be more broadly adopted.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2582-RE","substitution":"A16","url":"","value":"56%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Growing fungus-tolerant cultivars (PIWIs) enables a reduction in fungicide use by 50-80% compared to traditional cultivars.","geography":"Luxembourg","kind":"performance","quote":"Growing fungus-tolerant cultivars (PIWIs) enables to reduce the fungicide use by 50-80 %.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ives-openscience.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/GiESCO25-275.pdf","substitution":"A17","url":"","value":"50-80%","year":"2023-2025"},{"claim":"In commercial vineyards, the use of fungus-resistant cultivars (FRCs) allowed for a reduction in plant protection treatments (PPTs) of 57-79% in 2021 and 50-75% in 2022 compared to traditional cultivars.","geography":"Germany","kind":"performance","quote":"This represents a reduction in PPTs of 57–79% in 2021 and 50–75% in 2022 (Tables 2 and 3).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/55864/1/Eisenmann%2CB.et.al.2023%20-%20Fungicide-Saving%20Potential%20and%20Economic%20Advantages%20of%20Fungus-Resistant%20Grapevine%20Cultivars.pdf","substitution":"A17","url":"","value":"50-79%","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"Growing PIWI cultivars allowed average savings of €685/ha/year at the winery level compared to traditional cultivars, primarily driven by lower fungicide use.","geography":"Luxembourg","kind":"economics","quote":"Economically, growing PIWI cultivars allowed average savings of €685/ha/year at the level of the winery (mostly driven by lower fungicides use) compared to traditional cultivars.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41875509/","substitution":"A17","url":"","value":"€685/ha/year","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Strategies combining elicitors (COS-OGA) with low copper doses can achieve similar levels of vine protection as conventional treatments while reducing chemical fungicide quantities.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Strategies based on the combination of COS–OGA with reduced doses of copper were not significantly different from conventional treatments.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2840","substitution":"A17","url":"","value":"not significantly different","year":"2021-2023"},{"claim":"In Germany, fungus-resistant grape varieties (PIWIs) accounted for approximately 3.5% to 4% of the total vineyard area by 2025.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"Germany is the current leader in terms of plantings, with 4,000 hectares of PIWI vines in 2025, accounting for four percent of the total area under vine in Germany and representing 10 percent growth from the previous year.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://daily.sevenfifty.com/the-science-behind-disease-resistant-wine-grapes/","substitution":"A17","url":"","value":"4%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A survey of Spanish and Portuguese winegrowers found that while 69% were aware of biopesticides, only 35% reported using them.","geography":"Spain and Portugal","kind":"displacement","quote":"Although 69.0% of the respondents were aware of biopesticides, only 35.0% used them.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/6ycfyp3thp7","substitution":"A17","url":"","value":"35%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Powdery mildew on grapevine is currently controlled almost exclusively by chemical fungicides.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"this disease is currently controlled almost exclusively by chemical fungicides;","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/222045/reporting","substitution":"A18","url":"","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Only one biofungicide product based on Ampelomyces quisqualis is currently available on the European market for grapevine powdery mildew, and it is not considered effective enough by most growers.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"only one biofungicide product, commercialised as 'AQ10 Biofungicide®', initially developed in Israel and based on a strain of a common mycoparasite of powdery mildews, Ampelomyces quisqualis, is currently available on the European market to be used against grapevine powdery mildew; this biofungicide is not considered by most of the growers as being effective enough against grapevine powdery mildew;","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/222045/reporting","substitution":"A18","url":"","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"In trials, sulfur-based fungicides consistently showed higher efficacy in controlling powdery mildew than Ampelomyces quisqualis.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"However, on a comparative analogy, sulfur showed the highest efficacy (PDI – 15.85 and 20.12) in controlling the disease in both the seasons.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://environmentandecology.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/MS4-2.pdf","substitution":"A18","url":"","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Rotational programs integrating bio-fungicides with synthetic fungicides achieved the same level of disease control as synthetic fungicides alone in commercial vineyard trials.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Our study demonstrated that a rotational program integrated synthetic, and bio-fungicides achieved the same level of disease control as synthetic fungicides alone, across two vineyard sites with very different trellises and canopy management practices.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ives-openscience.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/GiESCO25-89.pdf","substitution":"A18","url":"","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Biopesticides represent approximately 10% of the global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A18","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In India, biopesticides account for 4.2% of the country's total pesticide market.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"In India, biopesticides account for just 4.2% of the country’s total pesticide market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/3/557","substitution":"A18","url":"","value":"4.2%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Between 2014–2015 and 2018–2019, biopesticide usage in India increased by 40%, while chemical pesticide consumption decreased from 56,114 MT to 43,584 MT.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"The entire usage of biopesticides in India increased by 40% between 2014–2015 and 2018–2019 based on PPQS statistics [36], and, over time, reached 8847 and 8645 metric tons in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, respectively [33], summarized in Figure 3. Meanwhile during the same time period, the consumption of chemical pesticides significantly decreased from 56,114 MT to 43,584 MT [37].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/3/557","substitution":"A18","url":"","value":"40% increase; 56,114 MT to 43,584 MT","year":"2014-2019"},{"claim":"In a study of managed plots using sanitation and reduced fungicide treatments, the number of fungicide treatments for scab control was reduced by 62.8% compared to a reference plot of a susceptible cultivar.","geography":"France","kind":"performance","quote":"For the 5 years of experimentation, a total of 32 treatments were applied to protect the managed plots of Reine des Reinettes and Ariane, compared to 86 treatments for the reference plot of Mitchgla (Table 3). This represents a reduction of 62.8% of the number of fungicide treatments for scab control, with at least 50% of reduction for each year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01388750v1/document","substitution":"A19","url":"","value":"62.8%","year":"5-year study"},{"claim":"In Germany, the percentage of scab-resistant varieties in new plantations between 2010 and 2014 reached up to 80.9% in some regions, though resistance based on the Vf-gene has been overcome.","geography":"Germany","kind":"driver","quote":"In the region Lake Constance 77,2 % of the area of new plantations were planted with „resistant“ varieties. In the region Neckar valley/Baden it was 47,4 %, in the West it was 46,8 %, in the area Altes Land 53,2 % and in Saxony 80,9 %.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.ecofruit.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/45_Kienzle_249bis251.pdf","substitution":"A19","url":"","value":"46.8% to 80.9%","year":"2010-2014"},{"claim":"Sanitation practices such as leaf collection and mulching can reduce scab infection by 23–92% in the primary infection period.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"These sanitation practices suppressed the pseudothecial development and/or limited the discharge of V. inaequalis ascospores and/or reduced the number of scab infection by 23–92% in the primary infection period (e.g. Haynes, 1981; Holb, 2006, 2007, 2009; MacHardy et al., 1993; Niklas et al., 1979; Sutton et al., 2000; Vincent et al., 2004; von Diest et al., 2016).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dea.lib.unideb.hu/server/api/core/bitstreams/713a3322-9815-4492-aa5f-1ec0a4486335/content","substitution":"A19","url":"","value":"23–92%","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Biopesticides currently comprise a small share of the total global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A19","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In a 3-year study, the average efficacy of conventional chemical fungicides (CHEM) in controlling gray mold severity was 70.3%, 62.2%, and 78.4%, while biocontrol agents showed lower and more variable efficacy.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"The average efficacy of treatments with CHEM was 70.3 ± 10.2%, 62.2 ± 10.4%, and 78.4 ± 10.0% in the three years, respectively; efficacy of BCAs in reducing disease severity was 37.3 ± 4.3%, 25.6 ± 4.4%, and 17.4 ± 3% in 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, exhibiting high within-year variability (Figure 1).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1154370/full","substitution":"A20","url":"","value":"70.3%, 62.2%, 78.4% (CHEM) vs 37.3%, 25.6%, 17.4% (BCAs)","year":"2018-2020"},{"claim":"Before 2011, Bacillus subtilis-based biopesticides had high market prices and low efficacy when disease pressure was high.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Before 2011, two biopesticides, composed of Bacillus subtilis, were approved for organic production (Serenade R and Serenade Max R), but the efficacy was low when disease pressure was relatively high, and the market price was high (110 €/ha) (RESAQVitiBio, 2015).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.620786/pdf","substitution":"A20","url":"","value":"110 €/ha","year":"before 2011"},{"claim":"The European Green Deal aims for a 50% reduction in chemical and hazardous pesticides by 2030, which acts as a driver for adopting biocontrol practices.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"For these reasons biocontrol practices can be regarded as a key enabler for achieving the objectives of the European Green Deal that include, by 2030, a reduction of 50% of chemical and hazardous pesticides, in order to minimise negative impacts on human health and the environment and to increase sustainability.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/16/9389","substitution":"A20","url":"","value":"50% reduction by 2030","year":"2030 target"},{"claim":"Globally, biopesticides account for approximately 10.3% of combined crop-protection spending.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Globally, biopesticides alone total roughly $9.0 billion against a $78 billion conventional chemical pesticide market — meaning biologicals already claim about 10.3% of combined crop-protection spending worldwide, according to a 2025 synthesis in Frontiers in Insect Science.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://farmonaut.com/blogs/agricultural-biologicals-market-share-trends-2026","substitution":"A20","url":"","value":"10.3%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In the United States, 45% of row-crop producers currently purchase or use agricultural biologicals, an increase from 37% in 2022.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"The Stratovation Group’s 2024 row-crop survey, cited in the 2025 Frontiers in Insect Science synthesis, found 87% of U.S. row-crop producers are aware of agricultural biologicals (up from 83% in 2022) and 45% currently purchase or use them on their fields, up 8 percentage points from 2022’s 37%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://farmonaut.com/blogs/agricultural-biologicals-market-share-trends-2026","substitution":"A20","url":"","value":"45%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Argentina, biofungicides were the fastest-growing segment of the bioinputs market, increasing 98.3% in value in 2024.","geography":"Argentina","kind":"performance","quote":"Biofungicides increased 98.3 per cent in value in 2024, according to CASAFE, making them the fastest-growing segment in the recent period.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://agrospectrumasia.com/features/1/4441/aapresid-2026-argentinas-bioinputs-growth-hinges-on-knowledge-confidence-and-adoption.html","substitution":"A20","url":"","value":"98.3%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Bt corn and cotton have displaced 56 million kilograms of insecticide use globally over 16 years of commercial use.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Bt corn and cotton have delivered consistent reductions in insecticide applications totaling 56 million kgs (123 million pounds) over 16 years of commercial use.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2190-4715-24-24","substitution":"A21","url":"","value":"56 million kgs","year":"1996-2012"},{"claim":"Bt cotton adoption contributed to a 141 million kilogram total decrease in insecticide active ingredient use globally between 1996 and 2008.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Reductions in insecticide use in Bt cotton alone account for nearly 40% of this change, a 141 million kilogram total decrease and a 22% change for this crop over the 13 year period.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.acs.org/jafcau/article/59/11/5842/1354906/Impacts-of-Bt-Transgenic-Cotton-on-Integrated-Pest","substitution":"A21","url":"","value":"141 million kilograms","year":"1996-2008"},{"claim":"The number of insecticide sprays for lepidopteran larvae in Brazilian soybean fields decreased from an average of 3.5 in 2012 to 2.45 in the 2019 cropping season.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The number of sprays for management of lepidopteran larvae over mesoregions decreased from an average of 3.5 in 2012 to 2.45 in 2019 cropping season (F = 182.5, df = 1,354, R 2= 0.34, P \u003c 0.0001) (Fig. 7).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95483-9","substitution":"A21","url":"","value":"3.5 to 2.45 sprays","year":"2012-2019"},{"claim":"Bt cotton technologies reduced damage relative to non-Bt cotton by 68% to 81% depending on the specific technology.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, WideStrike 3, and TwinLink reduced damage relative to non- Bt by 70%, 81%, 68%, 80%, and 72%, respectively (p\u003c0.0001 for all technologies).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0200131","substitution":"A21","url":"","value":"68% to 81% reduction in damage","year":"1996-2015"},{"claim":"Bt cotton adoption in China led to a decrease in pesticide expenditure by more than two-thirds.","geography":"China","kind":"economics","quote":"Empirical studies in China showed that the expenditure on pesticide decreased by more than two-thirds after Bt cotton adoption (Huang et al., 2003, Huang et al., 2002, Pray et al., 2001).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15000121","substitution":"A21","url":"","value":"more than two-thirds decrease in expenditure","year":"early 2000s"},{"claim":"In China, HearNPV formulations are used as commercial viral insecticides, with approximately 1600 tons produced annually in recent years, accounting for about 0.2% of the total insecticide output of China.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"Approximately 1600 tons of viral insecticidal formulations have been produced annually in recent years, accounting for about 0.2% of the total insecticide output of China.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/viruses/viruses-07-00306/article_deploy/viruses-07-00306.pdf?version=1431417042","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"1600 tons annually, 0.2% of total insecticide output","year":"2012-2014 period"},{"claim":"Improved viral products, farmer education, and government policies prohibiting high-toxicity chemical pesticides have enabled the uptake of viral insecticides in China.","geography":"China","kind":"driver","quote":"Improved viral products, a program of farmer education, prohibitively low acceptable chemical pesticide residues and robust government policies on viral pesticide use were important in enabling large-scale uptake of viral insecticides.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/viruses/viruses-07-00306/article_deploy/viruses-07-00306.pdf?version=1431417042","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"government policies, farmer education, improved products","year":"2014"},{"claim":"In South Africa, the biopesticide Bolldex (HearNPV) provided control of H. armigera comparable to the synthetic pyrethroid Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) in field trials.","geography":"South Africa","kind":"performance","quote":"Bolldex® warrants more attention, because the reduction it caused in the numbers of H. armigera larvae was comparable to that of Karate®.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/8/673","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"comparable to Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin)","year":"2017-2018 seasons"},{"claim":"The share of biopesticides in the overall pesticide market in Brazil grew from 1% in 2018 to 4% in 2023.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"The share of biopesticides in the overall pesticide market in Brazil is still very low, but it is growing very fast, increasing from 1% in 2018 to 4% in 2023 in just five years, with a compound annual growth rate of 38%, far exceeding the 12% growth rate of chemical pesticides.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sentonpharm.com/news/what-are-the-implications-for-companies-entering-the-brazilian-market-for-biological-products-and-the-new-trends-in-supporting-policies/","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"1% in 2018 to 4% in 2023","year":"2018-2023"},{"claim":"In 2023, 88% of the soybean planted area in Brazil used biopesticides.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"At the same time, soybeans are also the crop with the highest rate of application of biopesticides, with 88% of its planted area using such products in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sentonpharm.com/news/what-are-the-implications-for-companies-entering-the-brazilian-market-for-biological-products-and-the-new-trends-in-supporting-policies/","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"88%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The Brazilian program for the use of Baculovirus in soybean cultivation recommended by Embrapa was adopted in approximately two million hectares in 2003/04.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The Brazilian program of use of Baculovirus in soybean cultivation recommended by Embrapa was adopted in approximately two million hectares in 2003/04.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://revistacultivar.com/articles/bioinsecticides-in-caterpillar-management","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"two million hectares","year":"2003/04"},{"claim":"In field trials in India, HearNPV isolates applied to cotton achieved yields comparable to those treated with the chemical insecticide endosulfan.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"CBE I and NEG recorded the highest yield of 2038 kg/ha and 2033 kg/ha, which was on a par with endosulfan (2026.7 kg/ha) with cost/benefit ratios of 1:2.32, 1:2.48, and 1:1.12, respectively, on cotton.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/kpc1663hk87","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"2038 kg/ha vs 2026.7 kg/ha","year":"2010"},{"claim":"Total production of HearNPV formulations in China was 968 tons in 2012.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"According to a questionnaire survey of insecticide producers conducted by ICAMA, total production of HearNPV formulations was 968 tons in 2012 [10], making it the most produced viral insecticide in China (Table 2).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/viruses/viruses-07-00306/article_deploy/viruses-07-00306.pdf?version=1431417042","substitution":"A22","url":"","value":"968 tons","year":"2012"},{"claim":"In the UK, the use of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) for codling moth control increased over 7-fold between 2020 and 2022, reaching 2,561 treated hectares.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV, for codling moth control) has increased over 7-fold since 2020, with 2,561 treated hectares recorded in 2022, compared to 337 treated hectares in 2020.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.britishapplesandpears.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/P6-J.Blackman-Codling.pdf","substitution":"A23","url":"","value":"over 7-fold increase; 2,561 treated hectares in 2022 vs 337 in 2020","year":"2020-2022"},{"claim":"In New Zealand, adoption of codling moth mating disruption is estimated at approximately 2,300 hectares, representing about 50% of the Hawke's Bay production area and 25% nationally.","geography":"New Zealand","kind":"displacement","quote":"In New Zealand, the use of codling moth mating disruption has increased in the apple sector over the last 4 years; adoption is now estimated to be around 2,300 ha (~50% of the Hawke’s Bay production area and ~25% nationally) as growers try to meet these conlicting market requirements.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://nzpps.org/_journal/index.php/nzpp/article/download/5642/5470/7844","substitution":"A23","url":"","value":"2,300 ha; ~50% of Hawke's Bay; ~25% nationally","year":"2013"},{"claim":"In Michigan, USA, codling moth mating disruption adoption grew to approximately 4,000 hectares, representing over 25% of total apple plantings in the state by 2011.","geography":"USA (Michigan)","kind":"displacement","quote":"Currently, there are ~4,000 ha of codling moth mating disruption in Michigan, representing \u003e25% of the total apple plantings in the state-up from ~1,400 ha under disruption at the start of the project in 2004.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/kj0gs2gnb74","substitution":"A23","url":"","value":"~4,000 ha; \u003e25% of total apple plantings","year":"2011"},{"claim":"Implementation of mating disruption in New Zealand orchards led to a reduction in insecticide applications for codling moth control by approximately 60%, from a mean of 5.9 applications to 2-3 sprays in the first year.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Prior to its adoption, mean insecticide use on 85 cultivar blocks was 5.9 applications and typically 5-7 sprays were used. This decreased by ~ 60% to 2-3 sprays in the irst year of mating disruption (2007-08).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://nzpps.org/_journal/index.php/nzpp/article/download/5642/5470/7844","substitution":"A23","url":"","value":"~60% reduction; 5.9 to 2-3 sprays","year":"2007-2008"},{"claim":"Growers in Michigan implementing areawide mating disruption realized a mean savings of $55-65/ha through reduced fruit injury and decreased insecticide use.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Thus, growers who used AW-CMMD realized a mean savings of $55-65/ha.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/kj0gs2gnb74","substitution":"A23","url":"","value":"$55-65/ha savings","year":"2011"},{"claim":"The switch to mating disruption and granulovirus in New Zealand was driven by the need to meet conflicting market requirements for pest-free fruit and residue-free fruit.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"New Zealand apple growers need to produce crops that satisfy conlicting export market requirements. Some markets want pest-free fruit, while others demand residue-free fruit. Pheromone mating disruption combined with the judicious use of insecticides enables crops to meet both demands.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://nzpps.org/_journal/index.php/nzpp/article/download/5642/5470/7844","substitution":"A23","url":"","value":"conflicting market requirements (pest-free vs residue-free)","year":"2013"},{"claim":"In northeastern China, the area of maize treated with Trichogramma for corn borer control increased from 0.6 million hectares in 2005 to 5.5 million hectares in 2015.","geography":"Northeastern China","kind":"displacement","quote":"In northeastern China, the area of maize relying on Trichogramma releases for control of corn borers jumped from 600,000 to 5,500,000 ha during 2005–2015, accounting for 35% of the area under corn cultivation in this most important corn production region in China (35, 138).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tsppft.com/upload/img/2025/0208/17389953832833923225.pdf","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"0.6 million to 5.5 million ha","year":"2005–2015"},{"claim":"Large-scale Trichogramma releases in Jilin province, China, resulted in a significant reduction in insecticide use, from roughly 0.89 kg/ha to 0.71 kg/ha in areas with 0% to 100% Trichogramma treatment.","geography":"Jilin Province, China","kind":"performance","quote":"The total amount of insecticides used also declined significantly with the increasing ratio of Trichogramma-treated areas, from roughly 0.89 to 0.71 kg/ha at the scale of a county, at 0 and 100 % of Trichogramma-treated areas, respectively (Fig. 2; F1,57 = 12.77,3 R2 = 0.183, P \u003c 0.001).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tsppft.com/upload/img/2025/0208/17389934214863883095.pdf","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"0.89 kg/ha to 0.71 kg/ha","year":"2000–2015"},{"claim":"In Brazil, biological control with Trichogramma pretiosum for Spodoptera frugiperda in organic maize was found to be approximately 78% lower in cost compared to chemical methods.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"Based on comparable efficacy between chemical and biological methods applied to control S. frugiperda in agricultural maize fields, Gitz (2008) demonstrated notable advantages to T. pretiosum release, including an approximately 78 % lower cost of the biological control approach.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/jvkv6n6c9ll","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"78% lower cost","year":"2008"},{"claim":"The switch to Trichogramma in China was driven by government-funded National IPM Technique Research Projects, subsidies, and the \"Public Plant Protection, Green Plant Protection\" guideline initiated in 2006.","geography":"China","kind":"driver","quote":"The application of Trichogramma for Asian corn borer and other insect pests has been enhanced as part of the new concept of “Public Plant Protection, Green Plant Protection” that serves as a guideline for the management of crop pests in China since 2006.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964413001345","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"2006 guideline","year":"2006 onwards"},{"claim":"In northeastern China, the area of maize relying on Trichogramma releases for control of corn borers increased from 0.6 million to 5.5 million hectares between 2005 and 2015.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"In northeastern China, the area of maize relying on Trichogramma releases for control of corn borers jumped from 600,000 to 5,500,000 ha during 2005–2015, accounting for 35% of the area under corn cultivation in this most important corn production region in China (35, 138).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tsppft.com/upload/img/2025/0208/17389953832833923225.pdf","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"0.6 million to 5.5 million ha","year":"2005–2015"},{"claim":"In northeastern China, the 5.5 million hectares of maize protected by Trichogramma in 2015 accounted for 35% of the area under corn cultivation in that region.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"In northeastern China, the area of maize relying on Trichogramma releases for control of corn borers jumped from 600,000 to 5,500,000 ha during 2005–2015, accounting for 35% of the area under corn cultivation in this most important corn production region in China (35, 138).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tsppft.com/upload/img/2025/0208/17389953832833923225.pdf","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"35%","year":"2015"},{"claim":"In the Republic of Moldova, the volume of Trichogramma utilization in fields constituted 80% to 85% of the agricultural territory between 1984 and 1992.","geography":"Moldova","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the Republic of Moldova, the volume of utilization of Trichogramma in field constituted 80% to 85% of the agricultural territory (1984—1992 years).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://zkr.ipp.gov.ua/index.php/journal/article/download/50/50","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"80% to 85%","year":"1984–1992"},{"claim":"In Jilin province, China, the area treated with T. dendrolimi wasps increased from 0.6 to 2.72 million ha between 2004 and 2015.","geography":"Jilin province, China","kind":"displacement","quote":"From 2004 to 2015, governmental subsidies to ACB biological control resulted in a massive increase in the area treated with T. dendrolimi wasps in the Jilin province, from 0.6 to 2.72 million ha (Chen et al. 2015).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tsppft.com/upload/img/2025/0208/17389934214863883095.pdf","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"0.6 to 2.72 million ha","year":"2004–2015"},{"claim":"In Brazil, Trichogramma galloi is released on approximately 5 million hectares for the management of sugarcane borer infestations.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Today, T. galloi is released on approximately 5 million hectares for the management of sugarcane borer infestations.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://intechopen.com/chapters/1235839","substitution":"A24","url":"","value":"5 million hectares","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Spinosad demonstrated efficacy (\u003e97% mortality) similar to the conventional standard tiaclopride in controlling Colorado potato beetle larvae.","geography":"Portugal","kind":"performance","quote":"O bioinsecticida mais eficaz foi o spinosade (\u003e 97% mortalidade) com eficácia semelhante ao tiaclopride, enquanto a azadiractina e a B. bassiana revelaram eficácia sobre as duas fases larvares apenas 7 dias após tratamento (65 a 77% mortalidade).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?pid=S0871-018X2012000200034\u0026script=sci_arttext","substitution":"A25","url":"","value":"\u003e 97% mortality","year":"2010"},{"claim":"Following the restriction of certain conventional insecticides (chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam) in the EU, diamides, azadirachtin, and spinosad have become the primary effective chemical/biological options for controlling Colorado potato beetle in Czechia.","geography":"Czechia","kind":"driver","quote":"After the restriction of using chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam by EU regulation [39–41], insecticides based on diamides, azadirachtin and spinosad are currently the only effective chemical insecticides to control CPBs in Czechia.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0303238","substitution":"A25","url":"","value":"not applicable","year":"2017–2022"},{"claim":"Due to lower cost and high efficacy, farmers are likely to prefer spinosad over other biological insecticides for Colorado potato beetle control.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Due to lower cost and a high efficacy of Spinosad it is likely farmers would prefer this plant protection product.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://iobc-wprs.org/product/colorado-potato-beetle-leptinotarsa-decemlineata-say-control-strategies-in-organic-farming-using-biological-insecticides-azadirachtin-bacillus-thuringiensis-var-tenebrionis-pyrethrum-a/","substitution":"A25","url":"","value":"not applicable","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Biologicals claim about 10.3% of combined crop-protection spending worldwide.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Globally, biopesticides alone total roughly $9.0 billion against a $78 billion conventional chemical pesticide market — meaning biologicals already claim about 10.3% of combined crop-protection spending worldwide, according to a 2025 synthesis in Frontiers in Insect Science.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://farmonaut.com/blogs/agricultural-biologicals-market-share-trends-2026","substitution":"A25","url":"","value":"10.3%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"45% of U.S. row-crop producers currently purchase or use agricultural biologicals on their fields.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"The Stratovation Group’s 2024 row-crop survey, cited in the 2025 Frontiers in Insect Science synthesis, found 87% of U.S. row-crop producers are aware of agricultural biologicals (up from 83% in 2022) and 45% currently purchase or use them on their fields, up 8 percentage points from 2022’s 37%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://farmonaut.com/blogs/agricultural-biologicals-market-share-trends-2026","substitution":"A25","url":"","value":"45%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Germany's horticultural sector has transitioned 68% of operations to biological pest management systems.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"Germany's horticultural sector, encompassing 147,000 hectares of vegetable and fruit cultivation, has transitioned 68% of operations to biological pest management systems.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/global-biological-insecticide-market","substitution":"A25","url":"","value":"68%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The median share of insecticidal biopesticides to total insecticides use in Oceania was 44 percent.","geography":"Oceania","kind":"displacement","quote":"The median share of insecticides – biopesticides to total insecticides use in Oceania was 44 percent based on data for four island countries and territories in the region.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a8a8c2c8-ee36-42e8-a619-7e73c8daf8a6/content","substitution":"A25","url":"","value":"44 percent","year":"2022"},{"claim":"During the 2019–2021 desert locust upsurge in the Horn of Africa, Metarhizium acridum was used on nearly 253,000 ha, representing 15.8% of the total surface area treated in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.","geography":"Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia","kind":"displacement","quote":"M. acridum came third with 15.8% of the total surface area treated—a novelty compared to previous campaigns.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/819","substitution":"A26","url":"","value":"253,000 ha","year":"2019–2021"},{"claim":"Field assessments of Metarhizium acridum show it achieves over 80% mortality of locusts within 14 days, comparable to the efficacy of chemical insecticides but with a slower speed of action.","geography":"Somalia, Mauritania","kind":"performance","quote":"Through a combination of cage sampling, in-field survey observations and the use of a locally supported GIS to track and map treated swarms, the assessments of the bio-insecticide showed that 50% mortality was reached after 9 days and over 83% mortality was observed in 14 days","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/819","substitution":"A26","url":"","value":"\u003e 80% mortality in 14 days","year":"2019–2021, 2025"},{"claim":"The cost of Metarhizium acridum is generally comparable to or higher than chemical insecticides, with estimates ranging from 10 to 30 USD/ha for chemicals and approximately 15.75 USD/ha for the biopesticide.","geography":"East Africa","kind":"economics","quote":"According to information obtained from the FAO Locusts and Transboundary Plant Pests and Diseases Team Leader [77], the cost of procured chemical insecticides ranged from 10 to 30 USD/ha treated or protected and M. acridum around 315 USD/kg or 15.75 USD/ha treated excluding diesel fuel prices as the carrier.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/819","substitution":"A26","url":"","value":"15.75 USD/ha","year":"2019–2021"},{"claim":"The primary drivers for switching to Metarhizium acridum include environmental and human health concerns, the need for selective control in sensitive areas, and anticipation of regulatory restrictions on organophosphate insecticides.","geography":"Global/East Africa","kind":"driver","quote":"Furthermore, future procurement of organophosphate insecticides and possibly insect growth regulators could become increasingly problematic due to measures enacted by the European Union.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/819","substitution":"A26","url":"","value":"regulatory restrictions and environmental health concerns","year":"2019–2021"},{"claim":"During the 2019–2021 desert locust upsurge in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia, M. acridum was used on 15.8% of the total surface area treated.","geography":"Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia","kind":"displacement","quote":"M. acridum came third with 15.8% of the total surface area treated—a novelty compared to previous campaigns.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/819","substitution":"A26","url":"","value":"15.8%","year":"2019–2021"},{"claim":"In Australia, M. acridum has been used in 10–12% of all treatments for gregarious locusts since 2000.","geography":"Australia","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Australia, on the other hand, the use of M. acridum (Green Guard®) has been part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system for gregarious locusts in about 10–12% of all treatments since 2000 [78] since it is compatible with organic beef production [79].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/819","substitution":"A26","url":"","value":"10–12%","year":"since 2000"},{"claim":"In China, the use of M. acridum and Paranosema locustae increased from 5% of treatments in 2004 to over 30% in the years prior to 2017.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"While such products were used there in only 5% of treatments during 2004, their use has increased to over 30% in the years prior to 2017, which amounts to more than 100,000 ha per year sprayed.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/819","substitution":"A26","url":"","value":"5% to over 30%","year":"2004–2017"},{"claim":"Inundative releases of Trissolcus grandis in Iran demonstrated a reduction in Sunn pest nymph populations compared to control fields.","geography":"Iran","kind":"performance","quote":"Statistical analysis exhibited significant difference between Sunn pest nymphs’ numbers in release and control fields (Table 1).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://medcraveonline.com/OAJS/OAJS-02-00071.pdf","substitution":"A27","url":"","value":"4, 7 and 11 individuals per m2 in release fields versus 15, 17 and 21 individuals per m2 in control fields","year":"2015-2016"},{"claim":"Historical biological control efforts in Iran using Trissolcus parasitoids showed lower costs compared to chemical insecticides.","geography":"Iran","kind":"economics","quote":"100 million individuals were reared and released and the cost was 1.6 ABD dollars versus 7.5 ABD dollars in case of using DDT or Gamexan.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://medcraveonline.com/OAJS/OAJS-02-00071.pdf","substitution":"A27","url":"","value":"1.6 ABD dollars versus 7.5 ABD dollars","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Chemical control remains the primary method for Sunn pest management, with significant annual expenditure on pesticides.","geography":"Eastern Europe and the near and Middle East","kind":"economics","quote":"Control of Sunn pest mostly relies on the use of chemical insecticides; around US$ 40 million is spent each year on chemical pesticides (El-Bouhssini et al., 2009).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://internationalscholarsjournals.org/articles/pdf/926819052025?rev=1747621383000\u0026view=inline","substitution":"A27","url":"","value":"US$ 40 million","year":"2009"},{"claim":"Biopesticides currently comprise approximately 10% of the total global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A27","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The area under augmentative biological control in Latin America grew from 4.35 million hectares in 2000 to approximately 62 million hectares in 2024.","geography":"Latin America","kind":"displacement","quote":"Around the year 2000 4.35 million hectares were estimated to be treated with ABC, in 2018 this had grown to 31.4 million hectares, and the estimate for 2024 was about 62 million hectares.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/qy2d6dr5b54","substitution":"A27","url":"","value":"4.35 million hectares to 62 million hectares","year":"2000-2024"},{"claim":"In Brazil, biopesticides accounted for 4% of total crop protection sales in the 2021-22 harvest.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biologically-based pesticides and bioinoculants accounted for sales worth BRL2.905 billion (US $560 million) in Brazil in the 2021-22 harvest, a 67% growth rate and 4% of total crop protection sales.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l025n1wyl6z","substitution":"A27","url":"","value":"4%","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"Over 20% of Brazil's 9 million hectares of sugarcane are treated annually with Metarhizium anisopliae to control spittlebugs.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Annually, over 20% of the 9 million ha of Brazilian sugarcane are treated with M. anisopliae s. str. to control the cercopids**","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022201117303658","substitution":"A27","url":"","value":"\u003e20% of 9 million ha","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Threshold-based insecticide programs reduced insecticide applications by 44% compared to calendar-based programs across a meta-analysis of 126 studies.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"In total, threshold-based insecticide programs reduced applications by 44% compared to calendar-based insecticide programs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02643-0","substitution":"A28","url":"","value":"44%","year":"1970-2022"},{"claim":"In a project-based implementation in France, the insecticide treatment frequency index (TFI) decreased by 37% in 2021 compared to 2019 following the introduction of flower strips and other agroecological practices.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"Furthermore, the insecticide TFI value decreased by 37% in 2021 compared to 2019, as opposed to the trend observed in the Burgundy DEPHY farm network.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/pdf/2024/01/ocl240019.pdf","substitution":"A28","url":"","value":"37%","year":"2019-2021"},{"claim":"Flower strips reduced cereal leaf beetle larvae density by 40% and adult density by 53% in winter wheat fields compared to control fields.","geography":"Germany/Central Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"We found strong reductions in cereal leaf beetle (CLB) density (larvae: 40%; adults of the second generation: 53%) and plant damage caused by CLB (61%) in fields with flower strips compared with control fields.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article/282/1814/20151369/84298/High-effectiveness-of-tailored-flower-strips-in","substitution":"A28","url":"","value":"40% larvae, 53% adults","year":"2015"},{"claim":"Threshold-based insecticide programs reduced insecticide costs by 39% compared to calendar-based programs.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"This reduction in insecticide resulted in a 39% decrease in insecticide cost in threshold-based insecticide programs (n = 36) (Fig. 3b).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02643-0","substitution":"A28","url":"","value":"39%","year":"1970-2022"},{"claim":"Biopesticides currently comprise approximately 10% of the total global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A28","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In Brazil, biopesticides accounted for 4% of total crop protection sales in the 2021-22 harvest.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biologically-based pesticides and bioinoculants accounted for sales worth BRL2.905 billion (US $560 million) in Brazil in the 2021-22 harvest, a 67% growth rate and 4% of total crop protection sales.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l025n1wyl6z","substitution":"A28","url":"","value":"4%","year":"2021-22"},{"claim":"In the United States, 45% of row-crop producers currently purchase or use agricultural biologicals on their fields as of 2024.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"The Stratovation Group’s 2024 row-crop survey, cited in the 2025 Frontiers in Insect Science synthesis, found 87% of U.S. row-crop producers are aware of agricultural biologicals (up from 83% in 2022) and 45% currently purchase or use them on their fields, up 8 percentage points from 2022’s 37%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://farmonaut.com/blogs/agricultural-biologicals-market-share-trends-2026","substitution":"A28","url":"","value":"45%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In the R2D2 project in France, a collective agroecological pest management approach including trap crops and conservation biological control led to a 37% decrease in insecticide TFI value in 2021 compared to 2019.","geography":"France","kind":"performance","quote":"Furthermore, the insecticide TFI value decreased by 37% in 2021 compared to 2019, as opposed to the trend observed in the Burgundy DEPHY farm network.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/pdf/2024/01/ocl240019.pdf","substitution":"A29","url":"","value":"37% decrease in insecticide TFI value","year":"2019-2021"},{"claim":"The R2D2 project in France, which integrates trap crops and conservation biological control, is described as a rare and unprecedented approach in oilseed rape.","geography":"France","kind":"driver","quote":"However, this approach remains rare in field crops and entirely unprecedented in oilseed rape.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/pdf/2024/01/ocl240019.pdf","substitution":"A29","url":"","value":"rare and unprecedented approach","year":"2019-2022"},{"claim":"Biopesticides comprise a small share of approximately 10% of the total global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"A29","url":"","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In Brazil, biological nematicides account for 75% of the total nematode control market, up from 6% in 2015.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biological nematicides are currently the leading choice of Brazilian producers for controlling these parasites, accounting for 75% of the total market, according to Agropages (7) who cited data from the FarmTrak study by Kynetec. ... For comparison, in 2015, chemicals dominated the nematode control market with a 94% share, while biologicals had only 6%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/insect-science/articles/10.3389/finsc.2025.1552361/full","substitution":"A29","url":"","value":"75% (biologicals) vs 6% (biologicals in 2015)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In rice fields in China, Thailand, and Vietnam using ecological engineering practices, insecticide use was reduced by 70%.","geography":"China, Thailand, and Vietnam","kind":"displacement","quote":"The results showed that in rice fields grown with flowers on the bunds, insecticide use was reduced by 70%, biological control was increased by 45%, pest populations were decreased by 30%, and yields were increased by 5%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-017-1052-5","substitution":"A29","url":"","value":"70%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"In Almeria, Spain, the use of biological control organisms for pest management in greenhouses grew from 515 hectares in the 2006–2007 season to 20,081 hectares four years later, eventually becoming the conventional standard.","geography":"Almeria, Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the 2006–2007 season, only 515 hectares in Almería used biological control organisms, four years later, it reached 20,081 hectares, and the average area during the last ten years was 24,953 hectares.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gh322w0n5h9","substitution":"A30","url":"","value":"515 hectares to 20,081 hectares","year":"2006–2011"},{"claim":"The shift to biological control in Almeria was driven by a food safety alert in 2007 regarding pesticide residues, which led to a rapid policy change and the implementation of public aid for growers.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The aim of the present work has been to analyze the tools facilitated by the Andalusian Government (Junta de Andalucía) to replace the usual pest management process, taking advantage of the context of the food safety alert arising from the detection of isophenphos-methyl in peppers from the province of Almeria in December 2007.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gh322w0n5h9","substitution":"A30","url":"","value":"","year":"2007"},{"claim":"From the 2007/08 to 2012/13 seasons, the combined cost of chemical and biological pest control in Almeria greenhouses fell by 32.16%.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"According to publications of the Research Institute of the Cajamar Foundation [22] from biological control’s arrival on the scene in 2007/08 to the 2012/13 season, pest control cost (chemical control + biological control) fell by 32.16%.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gh322w0n5h9","substitution":"A30","url":"","value":"","year":"2007–2013"},{"claim":"In field trials on strawberries, predatory mites (P. persimilis) achieved reduction rates of spider mite populations of 81.7% and 84.9% in 2023, and 72.6% and 76.6% in 2024.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"P. persimilis outperformed the other species, recording the lowest numbers of eggs and motile stages of the pest, with reduction rates of 81.7% and 84.9% in the 2023 season, and 72.6% and 76.6% in the 2024 season.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43088-026-00741-2","substitution":"A30","url":"","value":"","year":"2023–2024"},{"claim":"In Kenya, sales of PICS hermetic bags grew from 3,000 bags in 2013 to approximately 620,000 bags in 2016.","geography":"Kenya","kind":"displacement","quote":"Sales of PICS bags in Kenya grew from 3,000 bags in 2013 to about 620,000 bags in 2016.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022474X20300539","substitution":"A31","url":"","value":"3,000 to 620,000 bags","year":"2013-2016"},{"claim":"In a 12-month trial in Zimbabwe, hermetic cocoons reduced grain weight loss to 1.16% compared to 2.82% in phosphine-fumigated stacks.","geography":"Zimbabwe","kind":"performance","quote":"After 12 months of storage, grain stored in the cocoon had an average weight loss of 1.16% compared with 2.82% in the fumigated stack.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325578063_Are_GrainPro_Cocoons™_an_effective_alternative_to_conventional_phosphine_fumigation_in_large-scale_control_of_stored-maize_insect_pests","substitution":"A31","url":"","value":"1.16% vs 2.82% weight loss","year":"12 months"},{"claim":"In a 12-month trial in Germany, hermetic bags were 4.3 times more cost-effective than jute bags when factoring in grain losses.","geography":"Germany","kind":"economics","quote":"The per-tonne storage cost was lowest for hermetic bags (18.40 EUR) with a cost-effectiveness ratio 4.2× better than jute.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.agriculturejournal.net/archives/2025/vol7issue1/PartC/8-4-38-466.pdf","substitution":"A31","url":"","value":"4.2x better cost-effectiveness ratio","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"The development of phosphine resistance in insect pests is a primary driver for seeking alternatives to phosphine fumigation.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Development of resistance in major grain insect pest species to the key fumigant phosphine (hydrogen phosphide) across the globe has put the viability and sustainability of phosphine in jeopardy.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025047","substitution":"A31","url":"","value":"phosphine resistance development","year":"2020"},{"claim":"In Israel, the national application of rodenticides has been reduced by 45% as recorded by the Ministry of Agriculture, a reduction associated with the widespread implementation of barn owl nest box schemes.","geography":"Israel","kind":"displacement","quote":"Today, the application of rodenticides in Israel at the national level has been reduced by 45%, as recorded by the Ministry of Agriculture (Figure 2).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7159/4/4/39","substitution":"A32","url":"","value":"45% reduction in rodenticide use","year":"2024 (report date)"},{"claim":"In Cyprus, the implementation of barn owl nest box schemes has achieved a 58% reduction in the use of pesticides.","geography":"Cyprus","kind":"displacement","quote":"So far, several countries have successfully implemented Barn Owl nest box schemes, with Israel and Cyprus achieving reduction in the use of pesticides by 45% and 58%, respectively","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7159/4/4/39","substitution":"A32","url":"","value":"58% reduction in pesticide use","year":"2024 (report date)"},{"claim":"In monitored oil palm plantations, rodenticide use decreased by 45% to 80% in areas where barn owls successfully bred in nest boxes between 2017 and 2020.","geography":"Malaysia","kind":"displacement","quote":"In palm plantations that were specifically monitored, the rodenticide use decreased in areas where Barn Owls breed successfully in nest boxes, from 45% up to 80% during the years 2017 to 2020.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7159/4/4/39","substitution":"A32","url":"","value":"45% to 80% reduction in rodenticide use","year":"2017-2020"},{"claim":"The Ventura County Watershed Protection Department replaced anticoagulant rodenticides with raptors for levee protection, saving approximately $218,600 per channel mile over 30 years.","geography":"USA (Ventura County, California)","kind":"economics","quote":"Tasked with protecting its county’s 47 miles of dirt levees and 56 dams from burrowing rodents, the Ventura County Watershed Protection Department tested replacing anticoagulant rodenticides with raptors. That strategy proved so successful that the department has stopped using these poisons altogether. ... He estimates the cost savings at around $218,600 per channel mile over 30 years.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://baynature.org/magazine/fall2021/raptors-rather-than-rodenticide/","substitution":"A32","url":"","value":"$218,600 per channel mile over 30 years","year":"2021 (report date)"},{"claim":"Installing barn owl boxes is significantly cheaper than lethal trapping, with costs ranging from $5.50–$26.67 per acre per year for boxes compared to $72.57–$552.67 per acre per year for trapping.","geography":"USA (California)","kind":"economics","quote":"We found that it is cheaper to install barn owl boxes ($5.50 - $26.67 per acre per year) than to trap rodent pests ($72.57 - $227.52 per acre per year for gophers, and $237.57 - $552.67 per acre per year for voles and mice).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08f422bj","substitution":"A32","url":"","value":"$5.50 - $26.67 per acre per year (boxes) vs $72.57 - $552.67 per acre per year (trapping)","year":"2025 (report date)"},{"claim":"A three-stage on-farm biobed reduced mean total pesticide concentrations by 91.6% between the input and output sumps.","geography":"United Kingdom","kind":"performance","quote":"The results revealed that the biobed removed 68–98% of individual pesticides within the contaminated washings, with mean total pesticide concentrations reducing by 91.6% between the biobed input and output sumps.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/59763/","substitution":"A33","url":"","value":"91.6% reduction","year":"2013-2015"},{"claim":"In 2016, there were approximately 9,000 installed biobed systems in the European Union.","geography":"European Union","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2016, the number of installed biobed systems in the European Union was around 9000, located mainly in France (4500), Sweden (750), and the United Kingdom (450), while in the context of Latin America, 1500 biobed systems were installed in Guatemala, and additional experimental scale biobeds are located in Africa, Asia, and North America [57].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/7/1289","substitution":"A33","url":"","value":"9000 systems","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Biobeds are a cost-effective, low-maintenance alternative to expensive commercial treatment systems like the Sentinel system.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Biobeds may offer a cost-effective, low maintenance alternative to current treatment methodologies.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://voluntaryinitiative.org.uk/media/i15dmjwh/biobeds-phase-1-research-report.pdf","substitution":"A33","url":"","value":"cost-effective, low maintenance alternative","year":"2000s"},{"claim":"The high cost of existing treatment systems like the Sentinel system often results in illegal disposal of waste pesticide and washings.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Currently available treatment systems, such as the Sentinel system can remove more than 99.9% of the pesticide waste, however they are expensive to install and have high operating costs often resulting in the illegal disposal of waste pesticide and washings in the farmyard.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://voluntaryinitiative.org.uk/media/i15dmjwh/biobeds-phase-1-research-report.pdf","substitution":"A33","url":"","value":"expensive to install and have high operating costs","year":"2000s"},{"claim":"Biosurfactants currently account for approximately 10% of the global surfactant market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"At present, biosurfactants make up only 10% of the world’s total surfactant production, which is around ten million tons annually.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://unige.iris.cineca.it/retrieve/db2686b3-731e-48f8-81d8-3cfbcc7c7c53/A442.pdf","substitution":"A34","url":"","value":"10%","year":"current"},{"claim":"The global biosurfactant market is projected to grow from USD 4.41 billion in 2023 to USD 6.71 billion by 2032.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Bio-based surfactants have demonstrated significant potential as economically viable and environmentally sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived surfactants, with the global biosurfactant market expanding from USD 4.41 billion in 2023 to a projected USD 6.71 billion by 2032, representing a compound annual growth rate of 5.4%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2811","substitution":"A34","url":"","value":"USD 4.41 billion to USD 6.71 billion","year":"2023-2032"},{"claim":"The European Union banned nonylphenol ethoxylates in crop formulations in 2024, which has driven a rapid substitution with bio-based alternatives like alkyl polyglucosides and sophorolipids.","geography":"European Union","kind":"driver","quote":"The European Union banned nonylphenol ethoxylates in crop formulations in 2024, prompting rapid substitution with alkyl polyglucosides, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, and sophorolipid biosurfactants.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-agriculture-adjuvants-market-industry","substitution":"A34","url":"","value":"2024","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Biosurfactant production costs currently range from 5 to 20 USD/kg, while synthetic surfactants average approximately 2 USD/kg.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"However, current biosurfactant production costs, ranging from 5 to 20 USD/kg, cannot compete effectively with synthetic surfactants, averaging approximately 2 USD/kg, necessitating comprehensive process improvements to achieve commercial viability.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2811","substitution":"A34","url":"","value":"5-20 USD/kg vs 2 USD/kg","year":"current"},{"claim":"In the 2019–2020 crop season, the technology of co-inoculating soybean with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense reached 25% of the whole soybean cropped area in Brazil.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the 2019–2020 crop season, the technology of coinoculating soybean with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense reached 25% of the whole soybean cropped area in Brazil.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/07btxpt4z61","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"25%","year":"2019–2020"},{"claim":"Co-inoculation of soybean with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense resulted in an average significant increase of 8% in grain yield in a five-year period of large-scale validation.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Similarly, grain yield increased up to 80% due to co-inoculation, with an average significant (p \u003c 0.01) increase of 8%, corresponding to 273 kg ha−1.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/j5mxqmkqgbq","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"8%","year":"five-year period"},{"claim":"In common bean production, the production cost when using nitrogen fertilizer is 5.0% to 8.5% higher than that with the co-inoculation of Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"For commercial and family farming, the production cost when using N fertilizer is 5.0 and 8.5% higher, respectively, than that with the co-inoculation of two doses of R. tropici and three doses of A. brasilense.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.scielo.br/j/pab/a/6djYbF5ywDGXjWbKTH8zvKk/?lang=en","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"5.0% and 8.5% higher","year":"2013–2015 (data period)"},{"claim":"The adoption of co-inoculation is driven by the economic benefits of reducing dependence on nitrogen fertilizers and the high cost of such fertilizers.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"This growth was primarily attributed to soybeans' high nitrogen requirements, limited nitrogen availability in Brazil's weathered soils, and the restricted supply and high cost of nitrogen fertilizers (Telles et al. 2023).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sciopen.com/local/article_pdf/10.1016/j.jia.2025.09.013.pdf","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"high cost of nitrogen fertilizers","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In the 2022/23 season, the adoption of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium in Brazilian soybean farming reached 85% of the cultivated area.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"A good example is the case of soybeans in Brazil, a crop in which the level of inoculation adoption reached 85% of the cultivated area in the 2022/23 season, while the practice of co-inoculation (combined use of Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum) reached 35% of the cultivated area.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://agribrasilis.com/agrotoxicos/existe-grande-oportunidade-de-ampliar-o-nivel-de-adocao-dos-inoculantes-em-soja-e-milho/","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"85%","year":"2022/23 season"},{"claim":"The practice of co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum reached between 29% and 40% of the soybean cultivated area in Brazil in recent seasons.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Já a coinoculação ficou entre 35% e 40% da área da cultura em território brasileiro.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://revistacultivar.com.br/noticias/anpii-aponta-crescimento-superior-a-15percent-ao-ano-em-inoculantes-biologicos","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"35% to 40%","year":"2022/2023 season"},{"claim":"Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) via inoculants has enabled Brazilian soybean growers to eliminate the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"“We were able to eliminate the use of nitrogen in soybeans with inoculants. The question now is: can this happen with other crops?” he asked.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://mmcereais.com.br/en/2025/soja/apos-revolucao-na-soja-gramineas-sao-novo-foco-estrategico-para-os-inoculantes-biologicos/","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"100% (elimination)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Inoculants were applied to approximately 85% of the soybean area planted in Brazil in 2023.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Aggregate data reveal that inoculants were applied to approximately 85% of soybean (Glycine max L.) area planted in Brazil in 2023, according to the National Association of Inoculant Producers and Importers [9].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/7/12/416","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"85%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Biofertilizer inoculants cost less than BRL 50 per hectare, compared to chemical fertilizer costs of around BRL 1,000 per hectare.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"According to Solon Cordeiro de Araujo, a consultant to the National Association of Inoculant Producers and Importers (ANPII) and a co-author of the article, chemical fertilizer costs around BRL 1,000 per hectare while biofertilizer inoculants cost less than BRL 50 per hectare.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://agencia.fapesp.br/brazilian-soybean-growers-use-of-biofertilizer-is-highlighted-by-a-leading-science-journal/39681","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"BRL 50 per hectare vs BRL 1,000 per hectare","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The use of biological nitrogen fixers in soybean saves Brazil some USD 10 billion per year in imports of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"The inoculation of microorganisms into the soil boosts yields, reduces greenhouse gas emissions and saves some USD 10 billion per year in imports of synthetic fertilizer.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://agencia.fapesp.br/brazilian-soybean-growers-use-of-biofertilizer-is-highlighted-by-a-leading-science-journal/39681","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"USD 10 billion per year","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Approximately 85% of the soybean area in Brazil uses inoculants annually, which eliminates the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizer.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Cerca de 85% da área de soja no país utiliza inoculantes anualmente, o que dispensa o adubo nitrogenado químico e gera ganhos de produtividade entre 8% e 16%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.gigante163.com/economia/uso-de-bioinsumos-gera-economia-de-us-28-bi-na-soja/","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"85%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The substitution of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with biological nitrogen fixation in soybeans generated an estimated savings of approximately 28 billion USD in the last crop season.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"O impacto financeiro é grande: segundo Hungria, essa substituição do adubo químico gerou uma economia de cerca de US$ 28 bilhões ao Brasil só na última safra.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.gigante163.com/economia/uso-de-bioinsumos-gera-economia-de-us-28-bi-na-soja/","substitution":"A35","url":"","value":"28 billion USD","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Bio-based mineral fertilizers supplemented with microbial plant biostimulants can replace conventional mineral fertilizers in terms of crop yield at a reduced dose of 75% of the traditional one.","geography":"Spain and Portugal","kind":"displacement","quote":"Our results indicate that, in terms of crop yield, conventional fertiliser can be replaced by BBMF supplemented with MPB at a reduced dose of 75% of the traditional one.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/1d76q9bh2zh","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"75% of the traditional one","year":"2021-2023"},{"claim":"Co-inoculation of soybean with Bacillus strains and arbuscular mycorrhiza increased yield by 18% and 17% respectively compared to standard inoculation in 2020.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"In this perspective, with phosphate fertilizer supply, the practice of plant co-inoculation promoted an increase of 18 and 17 % in the yield in 2020, respectively, for Bacillus strains and arbuscular mycorrhiza compared to standard inoculation.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcs/a/3NnzDVbZKNRRgBg4VJLRrtf/?format=html\u0026lang=en","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"18% and 17%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Microbial-assisted zinc-enriched compost improved wheat yield by 10% and net returns compared to conventional zinc fertilization in arid regions.","geography":"Pakistan","kind":"economics","quote":"The integrated application of compost + ZnO + ZSB significantly improved wheat height (19 %), biomass (20 %), yield attributes (10 %), and grain Zn concentration (39 %) compared with the control.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://soil.copernicus.org/articles/12/133/2026/","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"10%","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"The recent intensification of research on alternative P sources was driven by the instability in the international fertilizer market in 2022.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"The peak observed in 2023 temporally coincides with the instability in the international fertilizer market recorded in 2022, marked by a sharp increase in mineral fertilizer prices as a consequence of the war between Russia and Ukraine.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/v3rq3qbzx3s","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"2022","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Rhizobia constitutes 79% of world demand for biofertilizers, while phosphate mobilizing biofertilizers constitute about 15%.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Rhizobia is famous for being used as a biofertilizer, constituting 79% of world demand, while phosphate mobilizing biofertilizers constitute about 15% [176].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/4/1868","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"79% (Rhizobia), 15% (phosphate mobilizing)","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Microorganisms captured 57.3% of the biological organic fertilizer market share in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Microorganisms are the largest type, capturing 57.3% of the biological organic fertilizer market share in 2025 and are forecast to grow at a 10.5% CAGR through 2031, the highest among all categories.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/biological-organic-fertilizers-market","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"57.3%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Nitrogen-fixing inoculants are projected to account for about 75% of the North American bioinoculants market in 2026.","geography":"North America","kind":"driver","quote":"Nitrogen-fixing inoculants are projected to account for about 75% of the market in 2026, and Rhizobium alone captured about 33.65% of the U.S. biofertilizer market in 2025, reflecting decades of validated soybean and pulse performance.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://datanextresearch.com/report/north-america-bioinoculants-market","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"75% (market share)","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Microbial nitrogen products have been used on nearly 20 million acres across North America.","geography":"North America","kind":"displacement","quote":"Pivot Bio products have been used on nearly 20 million acres across North America, with microbial nitrogen replacing up to 40 pounds of synthetic nitrogen per acre at about 60% lower cost, and field trials showing an average replacement of 33 pounds per acre with a yield gain.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://datanextresearch.com/report/north-america-bioinoculants-market","substitution":"A36","url":"","value":"nearly 20 million acres","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Mating disruption technology has been adopted on more than one million hectares globally.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The success of MD technology is pragmatically supported by its adoption on more than one million hectares [6].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/3/248","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"more than one million hectares","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In New Zealand, mating disruption adoption in the apple sector is estimated to be around 2,300 ha, representing approximately 50% of the Hawke's Bay production area and 25% nationally.","geography":"New Zealand","kind":"displacement","quote":"In New Zealand, the use of codling moth mating disruption has increased in the apple sector over the last 4 years; adoption is now estimated to be around 2,300 ha (~50% of the Hawke's Bay production area and ~25% nationally) as growers try to meet these conlicting market requirements.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/k52c0wk33lh","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"2,300 ha (~50% of the Hawke's Bay production area and ~25% nationally)","year":"2013"},{"claim":"In Michigan, approximately 4,000 ha of codling moth mating disruption are in use, representing over 25% of the total apple plantings in the state.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Currently, there are ~4,000 ha of codling moth mating disruption in Michigan, representing \u003e25% of the total apple plantings in the state-up from ~1,400 ha under disruption at the start of the project in 2004.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/kj0gs2gnb74","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"~4,000 ha (\u003e25% of total apple plantings)","year":"2011"},{"claim":"Mating disruption combined with reduced insecticide use matched or bettered the incidence of codling moth damage achieved by insecticides alone.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"This study has found that mating disruption supplemented with a reduced number of insecticide applications, matched or bettered the incidence of codling moth damage achieved on the same properties by insecticides alone.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/k52c0wk33lh","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"matched or bettered the incidence of codling moth damage","year":"2013"},{"claim":"In almond orchards, adding mating disruption to existing management programs resulted in an average increase in crop value of $357 ha−1.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"In the direct comparison, kernel damage to Nonpareil and pollinizer cultivars was reduced by 65% and 78%, respectively, resulting in an average increase in crop value of $357 ha −1.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"http://academic.oup.com/jee/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jee/toaa297","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"$357 ha−1","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The switch to mating disruption in New Zealand was driven by the need to meet conflicting export market requirements for pest-free and residue-free fruit.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"New Zealand apple growers need to produce crops that satisfy conlicting export market requirements. Some markets want pest-free fruit, while others demand residue-free fruit. Pheromone mating disruption combined with the judicious use of insecticides enables crops to meet both demands.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/k52c0wk33lh","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"conflicting export market requirements","year":"2013"},{"claim":"In Switzerland, the area treated with pheromone mating disruption against grape berry moths increased from 460 ha in 1996 to 8,500 ha, covering approximately 57% of the total Swiss vineyard area.","geography":"Switzerland","kind":"displacement","quote":"Im selben Jahr wurden 460 ha oder etwa 3% der Schweizer Rebbaufläche mit der Verwirrungstechnik abgedeckt. In der Folge hat sie ihren Siegeszug kontinuierlich fortgesetzt und heute werden die beiden Traubenwicklergattungen auf gegen 8500 ha erfolgreich mittels Pheromonen bekämpft (Abb. 1). Dies entspricht rund 57% der Schweizer Rebfläche.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ira.agroscope.ch/fr-CH/Cms/Einzelpublikation/Download?einzelpublikationId=9761","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"460 ha to 8,500 ha (57% of total area)","year":"1996-2008"},{"claim":"In the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy, mating disruption for grape berry moths was applied on 10,450 ha, corresponding to 66% of the total grapevine growing area by 2016.","geography":"Italy (Trentino-South Tyrol)","kind":"displacement","quote":"reaching 31,650 ha today, i.e. 21,200 ha on apple which accounts for 75% of the total apple orchard area and 10,450 ha of vineyards, which corresponds to 66% of the total grapevine growing area.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://arpi.unipi.it/retrieve/handle/11568/813893/706468/LUCCHI%20ioriatti%20e%20lucchi%20JOCE-D-16-00133%20%2816%20giugno%29.pdf","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"10,450 ha (66% of total area)","year":"2016"},{"claim":"A 2022 survey of Swiss grape growers found that 65% of respondents reported using pheromones or confusion techniques.","geography":"Switzerland","kind":"performance","quote":"Adoption varies widely, led by canopy management at 91 percent, followed by pheromones or confusion at 65 percent, mechanical weed control at 60 percent, and promotion of beneficial insects at 58 percent.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-wine-economics/article/patterns-and-clusters-of-pesticide-reduction-strategies-in-swiss-viticulture/ED33E403DB496134C903AD5CC562E6DC","substitution":"A37","url":"","value":"65%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In Brazil, biological nematicides (biocides) grew from less than 6% of the market in 2015 to 75% of the market in 2022.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2015, chemical linecides accounted for 94% of sales, while biological linecides accounted for less than 6%. Just eight years later, in 2022, biocides made a strong reversal, with sales reaching R $1.2 billion, or 75% of the overall market, with chemical acides taking the remaining 25% (R $395 million).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.echemi.com/cms/1561053.html","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"less than 6% to 75% of sales","year":"2015-2022"},{"claim":"In Brazil, microbial nematicides are projected to represent 55%, 94%, and 100% of nematicides sold for sugarcane, soybeans, and corn, respectively, in the 2021/2022 season.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Consequently, the market for microbial nematicides will surpass that for chemical nematicides, representing 55, 94, and 100% of the nematicides sold for sugarcane, soybeans, and corn, respectively, in the 2021/2022 season.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1574269/full","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"55%, 94%, and 100% of sales for sugarcane, soybeans, and corn","year":"2021/2022 season"},{"claim":"Biological nematicides outperform other types of nematicides 80% of the time in comparative studies.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Comparative studies have shown that biologics outperform other types of linecides on the market 80% of the time.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.echemi.com/cms/1561053.html","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"80% of the time","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Biological nematicides based on Bacillus and Burkholderia species typically deliver 30-55% suppression of root-knot nematode egg mass counts, while non-fumigant chemical nematicides achieve 50-75% suppression in single-season trials.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Biological nematicides based on Bacillus and Burkholderia species typically deliver 30-55% suppression of root-knot nematode egg mass counts in well-managed field conditions, with effects that accumulate across seasons as beneficial microbial populations establish in the soil profile. Non-fumigant chemical nematicides such as oxamyl and fluopyram generally achieve 50-75% suppression in single-season trials, offering a more immediate and predictable response - particularly critical during the first season of transition from fumigant-dependent programs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/nematicide-alternatives-to-fumigant-phase-out-market","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"30-55% vs 50-75% suppression","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Layered programs combining biological seed treatments with targeted chemical applications achieve cumulative suppression rates of 65-80% at a cost competitive with legacy fumigant programs.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Most agronomic advisors in North America and Europe currently recommend a layered program combining biological seed treatments with a targeted chemical application at transplanting, which achieves cumulative suppression rates of 65-80% at a cost that remains competitive with legacy fumigant programs when total per-acre input costs are calculated across a full rotation cycle.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/nematicide-alternatives-to-fumigant-phase-out-market","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"65-80% suppression at competitive cost","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The main drivers for the growth of bio-inputs are the development of pest and disease resistance to chemical products, price fluctuations of conventional inputs, ease of product regulation, and international safety requirements for exports.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"According to the expert, the main drivers of the sustained growth of bio-inputs are the development of pest and disease resistance to chemical products and the price fluctuations of conventional inputs. Also weighing in favor of biological pesticides are the ease of product regulation and specific requirements imposed by international bodies related to safety parameters in agricultural production for export.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://revistacultivar.com/news/The-use-of-bio-inputs-is-advancing-and-generating-%244.35-billion-in-Brazil.","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"resistance, price fluctuations, regulation, and export safety requirements","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In the 2021/2022 season, microbial nematicides were projected to represent 55%, 94%, and 100% of the nematicides sold for sugarcane, soybeans, and corn, respectively.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Consequently, the market for microbial nematicides will surpass that for chemical nematicides, representing 55, 94, and 100% of the nematicides sold for sugarcane, soybeans, and corn, respectively, in the 2021/2022 season.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1574269/full","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"55%, 94%, and 100%","year":"2021/2022 season"},{"claim":"Bionematicides reached 82% of the total market of nematicides in 2019/2020 in Brazil.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Bionematicides reached 82% of the total market of nematicides in 2019/2020 in Brazil and, in soybean, they represented 90% of the area treated with nematicides.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/w7ld1hpb5vk","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"82%","year":"2019/2020"},{"claim":"In 2022, biological linecides reached 75% of the overall market, with chemical linecides taking the remaining 25%.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Just eight years later, in 2022, biocides made a strong reversal, with sales reaching R $1.2 billion, or 75% of the overall market, with chemical acides taking the remaining 25% (R $395 million).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.echemi.com/cms/1561053.html","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"75%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In the control of nematodes, biologicals are used in more than 80% of the treated area in Brazil.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"No controle de nematoides, mais de 80% da área tratada utiliza produtos biológicos.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.gigante163.com/economia/bioinsumos-crescem-mais-de-30-ao-ano-no-brasil/","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"80%","year":"2025/26"},{"claim":"Bionematicides totaled 44 million hectares treated in 2025.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Com 44 milhões de hectares tratados em 2025, os bionematicidas se consolidam como um mercado maduro integrado com os protocolos de manejo sustentável.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://croplifebrasil.org/cropdata/publicacoes/arquivos/publicacoes/Boletim%20Trimestral%20-%2031.03.2026.pdf","substitution":"A38","url":"","value":"44 million hectares","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Biological control using Cotesia flavipes and Metarhizium anisopliae is used on a large scale in Brazilian sugarcane, covering millions of hectares.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Today, about 3.5 million ha are treated with C. flavipes (larval parasitoid) and about 2 million ha are treated with T. galloi (egg parasitoid), both agents for control of D. saccharalis, the sugarcane borer (ABCBio, personal communication). The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) is used in about 2 million ha to control the froghopper, Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) (ABCBio, personal communication).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6403475/","substitution":"A39","url":"","value":"3.5 million ha for C. flavipes and 2 million ha for M. anisopliae","year":"2019 (publication date)"},{"claim":"The use of Cotesia flavipes reduced sugarcane borer infestation intensity from approximately 10% to 2%, leading to significant economic savings.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"After the start of the releases of this wasp in the field, the intensity of infestation index, previously around 10% with the flies, fell to 2%, causing savings of more than 80 million dollars per year for the sugarcane sector.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/wc3hjk0k9px","substitution":"A39","url":"","value":"10% to 2% infestation intensity","year":"1970s/1980s (period of initial program)"},{"claim":"Biological control is considered more cost-effective than the use of physiological insecticides for sugarcane borer control.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"In comparison with the use of physiological insecticides and biological control, in addition to the gain with the environment, the cost of biological control is still lower.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/wc3hjk0k9px","substitution":"A39","url":"","value":"lower cost than insecticides","year":"2014 (report date)"},{"claim":"The switch to biological control was driven by the need for effective pest management, the limitations of chemical control, and the success of early biological control programs.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"This situation has gradually changed because of the lack of satisfactory control to manage certain pests, a slow change in the culture of growers, and some emblematic cases of the successful use of BC.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6403475/","substitution":"A39","url":"","value":"lack of satisfactory chemical control and successful BC cases","year":"2019 (publication date)"},{"claim":"Approximately 3.5 million hectares of sugarcane in Brazil are treated with Cotesia flavipes to control the sugarcane borer.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Today, about 3.5 million ha are treated with C. flavipes (larval parasitoid) and about 2 million ha are treated with T. galloi (egg parasitoid), both agents for control of D. saccharalis, the sugarcane borer (ABCBio, personal communication).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6403475/","substitution":"A39","url":"","value":"3.5 million ha","year":"not specified (recent)"},{"claim":"Approximately 2 million hectares of sugarcane in Brazil are treated with Metarhizium anisopliae to control the spittlebug.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) is used in about 2 million ha to control the froghopper, Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) (ABCBio, personal communication).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6403475/","substitution":"A39","url":"","value":"2 million ha","year":"not specified (recent)"},{"claim":"The use of Baculovirus anticarsia (AgMNPV) for controlling the soybean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) in Brazil grew from 2,000 hectares in the 1982/83 season to over 500,000 hectares by the 1987/88 season.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"A área de soja tratada com Baculovírus anticarsia no Brasil cresceu rapidamente, de 2.000 hectares em 1982/83 para mais de 500.000 ha em 1987/88, o que atesta o sucesso desse método de controle biológico.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://inventores.com.br/controle-biologico-da-lagarta-da-soja/","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"2,000 hectares in 1982/83 to more than 500,000 ha in 1987/88","year":"1982-1988"},{"claim":"At its peak, the national program for the biological control of the soybean caterpillar using AgMNPV reached approximately two million hectares per season.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"O vírus alcançou cerca de dois milhões de hectares de soja na safra 2003/2004, mas sua adoção recuou a partir de 2007, acompanhando mudanças no manejo fitossanitário da soja, o aumento das pulverizações na cultura e a chegada de novas espécies-praga.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://maisagro.syngenta.com.br/biologicos/baculovirus-agmnpv/","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"two million hectares in the 2003/2004 season","year":"2003/2004"},{"claim":"Field trials demonstrated that Baculovirus anticarsia is as efficient as chemical insecticides in controlling Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"The results obtained allowed the conclusion that B. anticarsia is as efficient as the insecticide, avoiding significant losses of around 315kg/ha (83/84), 490kg/ha (84/85), 1665kg/ha (88/89) and 1654kg/ha (89/90) in relation to the check plots.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.scielo.br/j/cr/a/RWFxKvsY4tLSmBgnRFNrTVD/abstract/?lang=en","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"as efficient as the insecticide","year":""},{"claim":"The use of Baculovirus anticarsia provides an estimated annual savings of 13 million reais by eliminating the application of approximately 1.2 million liters of insecticides.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Utilizado em 1,4 milhão de hectares cultivados com soja no Brasil, o Baculovírus anticarsia proporciona anualmente ao País, uma economia estimada em 13 milhões de reais/ano, uma vez que elimina a aplicação de cerca de 1,2 milhão de litros de inseticidas nas lavouras brasileiras.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://inventores.com.br/controle-biologico-da-lagarta-da-soja/","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"13 million reais/year and 1.2 million liters of insecticides eliminated","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"The switch to biological control was driven by the high cost of chemical insecticides, environmental concerns, and the development of pest resistance to chemical products.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"O uso de inseticidas químicos, além de ser prejudicial ao meio ambiente e ao homem, é, na maioria das vezes, de alto custo para o agricultor. O controle biológico de pragas utilizando microrganismos é uma alternativa ao uso de inseticidas químicos.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://inventores.com.br/controle-biologico-da-lagarta-da-soja/","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"high cost, environmental impact, and pest resistance","year":""},{"claim":"The national program for biological control of the soybean caterpillar using AgMNPV reached a peak of approximately two million hectares of soybean per harvest.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Nesse contexto, o controle biológico com baculovírus AgMNPV se consolidou como alternativa viável, consistente e altamente específica, tendo alcançado, no auge do programa nacional, cerca de dois milhões de hectares por safra.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://maisagro.syngenta.com.br/biologicos/baculovirus-agmnpv/","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"two million hectares","year":"peak of the national program"},{"claim":"From 1983 to 2004, more than 20 million liters of chemical insecticide were avoided in regions that adopted the biological control method.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"De 1983 até hoje, mais de 20 milhões de litros de inseticida química deixaram de ser aplicados nas regiões produtoras que adotaram o método de controle biológico.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.agrolink.com.br/noticias/brasil-tem-o-maior-e-melhor-programa-de-controle-biologico-do-mundo_15617.html","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"20 million liters","year":"1983-2004"},{"claim":"The use of Baculovirus anticarsia on 1 million hectares of soybean in Brazil eliminates the application of approximately 1.2 million liters of insecticides.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Utilizado em 1 milhão de hectares de soja no Brasil, o Baculovírus elimina a aplicação de cerca de 1,2 milhão de litros de inseticidas nas lavouras brasileiras.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.embrapa.br/en/tema-integracao-lavoura-pecuaria-floresta-ilpf/busca-de-noticias/-/noticia/17914027/baculovirus-anticarsia-um-inseticida-biologico?p_auth=mendCsmF","substitution":"A41","url":"","value":"1 million hectares to 1.2 million liters","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Precision fermentation milk's land footprint is estimated to be 94–96% lower than that of cow's milk in the UK.","geography":"UK","kind":"performance","quote":"The results of this study estimate the land footprint of PF milk to be 94–96% lower than that of cow’s milk in the UK.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2026.1692819/full","substitution":"AP01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ap01/","value":"94–96% lower","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Precision fermentation proteins currently struggle to compete with commodity protein prices, with most models showing costs exceeding the $5–20/kg target.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Published PF protein models generally show costs exceeding the $5–20/kg target for commodity proteins.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://gfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Driving-down-costs-Insights-and-recommendations-from-a-meta-analysis-of-techno-economic-models-of-fermentation-derived-ingredients.pdf","substitution":"AP01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ap01/","value":"\u003e$5–20/kg","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Plant-based meat alternatives represent a relatively small threat to the retail and food service markets for conventional animal proteins, with market share remaining near or below 3 percent in retail and 5 percent in food service in the United States from 2020 to 2023.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"This is especially evident as the share of the market captured by PBMA on an annual basis across 2020 to 2023 has not changed substantially, remaining near or below 3 percent (retail) or 5 percent (food service) in each year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/9d2gj3xfgl9","substitution":"AP02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ap02/","value":"below 3 percent (retail) or 5 percent (food service)","year":"2020-2023"},{"claim":"Plant-based meat in Spain is a niche product, with its market share of the overall sales volume of pre-packaged meat falling from 0.46% in 2023 to 0.40% in 2025.","geography":"Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"Plant-based meat’s market share, as a percentage of the overall sales volume of plant-based and animal-based pre-packaged meat 1, fell from 0.46% in 2023 to 0.40% in 2025.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://gfieurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/GFI-Europe_Spain-plant-based-food-retail-market-insights-2023-2025_EN.pdf","substitution":"AP02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ap02/","value":"0.46% in 2023 to 0.40% in 2025","year":"2023-2025"},{"claim":"High retail prices for plant-based meat relative to conventional animal-based counterparts are a major barrier to consumer adoption and market growth.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Price also plays a major role in consumer acceptance, with most PBMA priced over meat limiting consumer adoption (Clark \u0026 Bogdan, 2019; Joseph, Searing, Watson, \u0026 McKeague, 2020; Pierce \u0026 Azoff, 2023) .","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/9d2gj3xfgl9","substitution":"AP02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ap02/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Bio-based PET is produced from bio-based MEG, replacing 30% of the petroleum feedstock used to produce PET with renewable feedstock.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Commercially available bio-based PET is produced from bio-based MEG, replacing 30% of the petroleum feedstock used to produce PET with renewable feedstock.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://cdn.ihsmarkit.com/www/pdf/0122/RP309-toc.pdf","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"30% of the petroleum feedstock","year":"2009-2022"},{"claim":"Bio-based PET production accounts for 2.4% of total PET production.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Bio-based PET production accounts for 2.4% of total PET production.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.btgworld.com/media/5f0fyy2w/jrc_technicalreport_biobased_valuechains.pdf","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"2.4%","year":"2017-2019"},{"claim":"Bio-based succinic acid applications have remained limited due to high raw material and production costs, with primary use in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Despite this growth, BioSA applications have remained somewhat limited due to high raw material and production costs, with primary use in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, which offer higher added value.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12510067/","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"high raw material and production costs","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Petrochemical succinic acid prices ranged from $1.59–1.77/kg, while bio-SA maintained an average premium of $2.94/kg in 2023.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Petrochemical SA prices ranged from $1.59–1.77/kg, while bio‑SA maintained an average premium of $2.94/kg in 2023 [64].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12510067/","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"$1.59–1.77/kg vs $2.94/kg","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The current share of bio-based products in the EU chemical industry is estimated at around 8%.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"The current share of bio-based products in the EU chemical industry is estimated at around 8%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://www.biconsortium.eu/sites/biconsortium.eu/files/publications/1407.BICLM_Bio-based%20Chemicals.pdf","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"8%","year":"2014"},{"claim":"In 2011, over 97% of global succinic acid production was petrol-based, while only 3% was bio-based.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Over 97% of the succinic acid production was petrol-based; only 3% was bio-based in 2011.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.igb.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/cbp/documents/berichte/BioConSepT_Market-potential-for-selected-platform-chemicals_report11.pdf","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"3% bio-based, 97% petrol-based","year":"2011"},{"claim":"In 2013–2014, approximately 38,000 tons of succinic acid was produced through the biological process, which constituted around 49% of the total market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the year 2013–2014, approximately 38,000 tons of SA was produced through the biological process which constituted around 49% of the total market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s44316-024-00012-z","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"49% bio-based","year":"2013-2014"},{"claim":"The global production capacity of bio-lactic acid is estimated to be greater than 600 kilotons per year.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The global production capacity of bio-lactic acid is estimated to be \u003e600 kilotons per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/industrial-microbiology/articles/10.3389/finmi.2023.1319774/full","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"\u003e600 kilotons per year","year":"2020-2023 (estimated)"},{"claim":"The global production capacity of bio-succinic acid is estimated to be approximately 76-87 kilotons per year.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The global production capacity of bio-succinic acid is estimated to be approximately 76-87 kilotons per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/industrial-microbiology/articles/10.3389/finmi.2023.1319774/full","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"76-87 kilotons per year","year":"2020 (estimated)"},{"claim":"The global market for 1,3-propanediol is estimated to be between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes per annum, with production shared between fermentation of biomass and chemocatalytic conversion of petrochemicals.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The market volume is estimated at being between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes per annum. ... Current production of 1,3-PDO is shared between the fermentation of biomass, in plants such as CovationBio PDO in Texas, METEX NØØVISTA in France and Shenghong Group Holdings in China, and the chemocatalytic conversion of petrochemicals such as in Shell's plant in Louisiana.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsc.202401066","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"200,000 to 300,000 tonnes per annum","year":"2024"},{"claim":"DuPont claims a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for bio-based 1,3-propanediol compared to the petrochemical route.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Despite the processes required to isolate 1,3-PDO, Dupont claim a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to petrochemical 1,3-PDO.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsc.202401066","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"40% reduction","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Estimated production costs for bio-based 1,3-propanediol are 1.37–2.40 USD/kg for biomass fermentation and 0.96–1.09 USD/kg for raw glycerol fermentation.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Furthermore, since the costs of biobased PDO production were estimated to 1.37 -2.40 $/kg for the fermentation of biomass [59] and 0.96 -1.09 $/kg for the fermentation of raw glycerol [60] , with prevailing recovery costs, the results of this study present a major step forward in the development of competitive fermentative PDO production.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/3z79vywrgl1","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"1.37 -2.40 $/kg and 0.96 -1.09 $/kg","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The switch to bio-based production is driven by environmental concerns, sustainability, and marketing/legislative advantages of all-natural designations.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Marketing and legislative advantages derived from all-natural designation may drive an increased emphasis in purely biocatalytic routes.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsc.202401066","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"environmental concerns, sustainability, and marketing/legislative advantages","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In 2023, the bio-based PDO segment held roughly 55.9% share of PDO production volume, while conventional (petrochemical) PDO accounted for about 44.1%.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2023, the bio-based PDO segment held roughly 55.9% share of PDO production volume, while conventional (petrochemical) PDO accounted for about 44.1%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.industryresearch.biz/market-reports/1-3-propanediol-pdo-market-109112","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"55.9% bio-based, 44.1% petrochemical","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Bio-based/Fermentation led with 59.7% revenue share in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"By Production Route: Bio-Based/Fermentation led with 59.7% revenue share in 2025 and retains the fastest growth through 2035.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/13-propanediol-pdo-market","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"59.7% revenue share","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Approximately 62% of PDO production is derived from bio-based feedstocks, while petrochemical routes contribute 38%.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Approximately 62% of PDO production is derived from bio-based feedstocks such as corn glucose, while petrochemical routes contribute 38%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.precisionreports.co/market-reports/1-3-propanediol-pdo-market-605044","substitution":"BR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br01/","value":"62% bio-based, 38% petrochemical","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In the state of São Paulo, Brazil, the potential biomethane production from sugarcane vinasse could replace 26% of the annual diesel oil consumption or 69% of the overall natural gas consumption.","geography":"São Paulo, Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The total bioCH4 vinasse-derived production potential of SP is equivalent to 3.46 × 109 L of diesel oil (Figure 4b), which means that 26% of the annual diesel oil consumption in the state (12.6 × 109 L) [46] could be replaced. BioCH4 also has the potential to replace 69% of the overall natural gas consumption in SP considering all types of consumers, i.e., 5.2 × 109 Nm3 year−1 [47].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0389/3/2/17","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"26% of annual diesel oil consumption or 69% of natural gas consumption","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Malaysia, 135 palm oil mills equipped with biogas plants contributed to 0.66 million tonnes CO2eq yr−1 of GHG savings through electricity generation in 2021.","geography":"Malaysia","kind":"performance","quote":"Specifically, the 135 mills operated with biogas plant contribute to 0.66 million tonnes CO2eq yr –1 GHG savings through electricity generation.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://jopr.mpob.gov.my/files/2024/09/JOPR-Vol-363-September-2024-dragged-9.pdf","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"0.66 million tonnes CO2eq yr−1","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The expansion of biogas projects in the palm oil industry was driven by economic factors, particularly the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The expansion of biogas plants results from economic drivers, in particular due to the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and its CDM projects.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bio-tec.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2009-Biogas-from-Palm-Oil-Mill-Effluents.pdf","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"Kyoto Protocol and CDM projects","year":"2009"},{"claim":"In Brazil, the potential biogas production from the sugar-energy sector is 41.4 billion m3 per year, but less than 2% of this is currently achieved.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The Brazilian Association of Biogas and Biomethane (ABiogás) reports a potential biogas production of 41.4 billion m3 per year in the sugar-energy sector. However, less than 2% of this is achieved, indicating that the biogas is still chemically, economically, and politically invisible.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v157y2022ics1364032121013071.html","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"less than 2%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The global biogas industry is currently capturing approximately 2% of its total potential.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"This report shows we are currently capturing approximately just 2% of the global potential.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bio-organic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/WBA-globalreport-56ppa4_digital-Sept-2019.pdf","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"2%","year":"2019"},{"claim":"An estimate for the USA shows that currently operating digesters on livestock farms represent approximately 3% of the 8,000 dairy and hog farms where such installations could be adopted.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"an estimate shows that the 248 currently operating digesters in the USA on livestock farms and digestion represent approximately 3% of the 8000 dairy and hog (pig) farms 43 on which such installations could be up taken.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bio-organic.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/WBA-globalreport-56ppa4_digital-Sept-2019.pdf","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"3%","year":"2019"},{"claim":"Fertirrigation has been the primary management approach for sugarcane vinasse in Brazil since the mid-1970s.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"In fact, fertirrigation has virtually been the only management approach for sugarcane vinasse in Brazil since the mid-1970s [3], which has led to numerous studies (targeting mainly a local audience) on the effects of vinasse for soil and sugarcane crops.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8783/2/4/25","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"since the mid-1970s","year":"1970s-present"},{"claim":"Biogas from vinasse could replace up to 40% of the annual diesel supply in the agricultural operations of a sugarcane biorefinery.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"As an alternative fuel, biogas could replace up to 40% of the annual diesel supply in the agricultural operations of a sugarcane biorefinery and still provide approximately 14MWh annually from cogeneration.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v113y2014icp825-835.html","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"up to 40%","year":"2014"},{"claim":"Fertirrigation is utilized in 100% of the agroindustrial units that are signatories to the Agroenvironmental Protocol in the state of São Paulo.","geography":"São Paulo, Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Verificou-se a utilização da fertirrigação em 100% das unidades agroindustriais signatárias do Protocolo Agroambiental, sendo que apenas 5% do total gerado é destinado a tecnologias de biodigestão e concentração.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.rbciamb.com.br/Publicacoes_RBCIAMB/article/download/283/237","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"100%","year":"2009/2010 crop season"},{"claim":"Only 5% of the total vinasse generated by the agroindustrial units signed to the Agroenvironmental Protocol in São Paulo is destined for biodigestion and concentration technologies.","geography":"São Paulo, Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Verificou-se a utilização da fertirrigação em 100% das unidades agroindustriais signatárias do Protocolo Agroambiental, sendo que apenas 5% do total gerado é destinado a tecnologias de biodigestão e concentração.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.rbciamb.com.br/Publicacoes_RBCIAMB/article/download/283/237","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"5%","year":"2009/2010 crop season"},{"claim":"Current ethanol production in Brazil could supplement up to 80% of sugarcane plantation by fertirrigation.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Current production of ethanol could supplement up to 80% of sugarcane plantation by fertirrigation (Christofoletti et al., 2013).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2017.00007/pdf","substitution":"BR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/br02/","value":"80%","year":"2013 (referenced study)"},{"claim":"The wood adhesive industry is actively researching and developing bio-based alternatives to conventional formaldehyde-based resins due to stricter regulations and health concerns regarding formaldehyde emissions.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"While these adhesives are cost-effective and perform well in terms of bonding ability, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and water resistance, stricter regulations are driving industries and researchers to develop new bio-based adhesives to meet the growing demand for healthier and more environmentally friendly products.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/69bpbwwt9cw","substitution":"C01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Bio-based adhesives like the SUSBIND formulation have been tested at pilot scale (TRL 5) but face challenges in matching the industrial pressing times and costs of conventional urea-formaldehyde adhesives.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"The boards manufactured on a small scale and in a prototype final product, the SUSBIND adhesive has displayed promising technical performance (at Technology Readiness Level, TRL 5).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://susbind.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/D4.3-SUSBIND-Validation-of-SUSBIND-PB-MDF-and-HDF-boards-at-IKEA.pdf","substitution":"C01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Some bio-based resins are reported to be cost-competitive with oil-based resins due to the abundance of raw materials, though industrial-scale adoption is still in the early stages of commercialization.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"This new group of bio-resin are biopolymers of which the raw materials are abundantly available, making production of the resin cost-competitive to existing oil-based resins.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/878880/reporting","substitution":"C01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Adhesives such as MUPF, PF, and pMDI, currently utilised by the European PB and MDF industries, amount to a negligible portion of the market, with a market share of approximately 2–3%.","geography":"Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"Meanwhile, other adhesives such as MUPF, PF, and pMDI, currently utilised by the European PB and MDF industries, amount to a negligible portion of the market, with a market share of approximately 2–3%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/23/4086","substitution":"C01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c01/","value":"2–3%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"In France, bio-based and recycled insulation materials represented 10% of the insulation market in 2020.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"Thus, biobased, and recycled materials only represent 10% of the insulation market in 2020 21.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://asbp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BIO-CIRC_T2.2.2_EN_Summary-Report-on-NRFI-Market-Shares_Final.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"10%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"The volume of bio-based insulation sold in France increased by 87% between 2016 and 2020.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"The market is still dominated by mineral and synthetic products, but the share of bio based and recycled products is growing (87% increase in the volume of bio-based insulation sold between 2016 and 2020).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://asbp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BIO-CIRC_T2.2.2_EN_Summary-Report-on-NRFI-Market-Shares_Final.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"87%","year":"2016-2020"},{"claim":"The market share of natural fibre insulation in the UK is around 1%.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"The current market share of NRFIs in the UK is not as large as in France (around 1%), but it is the fastest growing insulation segment in the UK, with a CAGR of 10-20% over the last 3 years, and its market share is expected to increase significantly over the next few years;","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://asbp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BIO-CIRC_T2.2.2_EN_Summary-Report-on-NRFI-Market-Shares_Final.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"1%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In France, the upfront costs of natural fibre insulation are approximately 40% more expensive than other insulations as of 2020.","geography":"France","kind":"economics","quote":"For example, in France the upfront costs of NFI are approximately 40% more expensive than other insulations (as of 2020).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://retronetzero.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/RNZ-Natural-Fibre-Insulation-EU-review-v1.1.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"40% more expensive","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Uptake of natural fibre insulation in Europe is driven by regulation, support mechanisms, and stakeholder perceptions, particularly mandatory life cycle assessment and embodied carbon requirements.","geography":"Europe","kind":"driver","quote":"NFI uptake in Europe is driven by a combination of regulation, support mechanisms and stakeholder perceptions. In particular, regulation and grant schemes promoting mandatory LCA with stringent embodied carbon requirements are drivers.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://retronetzero.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/RNZ-Natural-Fibre-Insulation-EU-review-v1.1.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"regulation, support mechanisms, and stakeholder perceptions","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Bio-based insulation materials currently account for a total market share of 6.5% in Europe, with some countries exceeding 12%.","geography":"Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"Wood fiber insulation, insulation made from sheep’s wool, and other insulation materials made from renewable raw materials currently account for a total market share of 6.5% in Europe.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ceresana.com/wp-content/uploads/Ceresana_Brochure_Market-Study_Biobased-Insulation-Material-Europe_2.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"6.5%","year":"current"},{"claim":"Market penetration of natural fibre insulation in France and Germany is around 5-10%.","geography":"France and Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"Comparatively, the market penetration in France and Germany is around 5-10%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://retronetzero.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/RNZ-Natural-Fibre-Insulation-EU-review-v1.1.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"5-10%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Bio-based insulation materials represent 8.2% of the insulation market by volume in France.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"Bio-based insulation now represents 8,2% of the insulation market by volume, compared to 7,5% in 2024 and 6,4% in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://batinfo.com/en/actuality/The-bio-based-construction-materials-sector-is-growing-by-16%25-in-2025_36084","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"8.2%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Bio-based and recycled materials represented 10% of the French insulation market in 2020.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"Thus, biobased, and recycled materials only represent 10% of the insulation market in 2020 21.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://asbp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BIO-CIRC_T2.2.2_EN_Summary-Report-on-NRFI-Market-Shares_Final.pdf","substitution":"C02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c02/","value":"10%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Application of self-healing concrete in the field is limited to a few examples, such as a roof slab of an inspection pit in Belgium and an irrigation canal in Ecuador.","geography":"Belgium, Ecuador","kind":"displacement","quote":"Due to the combination of these challenges, application of self-healing in the field is rather limited, though a few examples can be found. ... In another application, bacterial self-healing concrete was used to make an irrigation canal in Ecuador liquid tight.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/4/997","substitution":"C03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c03/","value":"","year":"2020"},{"claim":"For moderate to severe cracks, bioconcrete showed approximately 50% to 76% lower carbon footprint than polymer overlay-based repair.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"When the cracks were moderate to severe, polymer overlay-based repair was necessary, and bioconcrete showed ∼50% − ∼76% lower carbon footprint than polymer overlay.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://experts.azregents.edu/en/publications/does-biological-self-healing-concrete-have-lower-environmental-im/","substitution":"C03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c03/","value":"","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Self-healing concrete is approximately 60–70% more expensive than conventional concrete.","geography":"India","kind":"economics","quote":"Self-healing concrete is around 60–70% more expensive than conventional concrete.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40712-025-00215-w","substitution":"C03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c03/","value":"","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Field trials of bacteria-based self-healing systems have been conducted, leading to the creation of a spinoff company, Basilisk Self-Healing Concrete, to bring these systems to market.","geography":"The Netherlands","kind":"driver","quote":"","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/21/5004","substitution":"C03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/c03/","value":"not applicable","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"In the UK professional sector, peat use fell from 62.3% of volume in 2020 to 51.7% in 2021, with the actual volume of peat used falling from 0.63 million cubic metres in 2021 to 0.46 million cubic metres in 2022.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"This continues the pattern of rapid removal of peat from the professional supply chain which accounted for 62.3% of volume in 2020 and 51.7% in 2021. The actual volume of peat used fell from 0.63m cubic metres in 2021 to 0.46m cubic metres in 2022.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://projectbluearchive.blob.core.windows.net/media/Default/Research%20Papers/Horticulture/CP%20203_Final%20report%202011-2022.pdf","substitution":"CE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/","value":"62.3% to 51.7% (professional sector)","year":"2020-2022"},{"claim":"Peat usage among UK growers and plant producers fell to 21.8% in 2025, down from 34.4% in 2024 and 39.5% in 2023.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"There was a continued reduction in peat usage amongst growers and plant producers to 21.8% in 2025, marking a fall from 34.4% in 2024, and 39.5% in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hta.org.uk/resources/get?mediaId=27855","substitution":"CE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/","value":"39.5% to 21.8%","year":"2023-2025"},{"claim":"Peat-free media is estimated to cost growers between 5-15% more than peat-based media.","geography":"UK","kind":"economics","quote":"Based on the average cost differential across businesses in the sample, we can estimate peat-free media is costing growers between 5-15% more.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hta.org.uk/resources/get?mediaId=27855","substitution":"CE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/","value":"5-15% more","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The reduction in peat usage is primarily driven by market forces, specifically trade customer demand from major retailers and local authorities requiring plant suppliers to reduce or remove peat.","geography":"UK","kind":"driver","quote":"Our conclusion, is that this was most likely driven by trade customers, particularly larger retailers and local authorities, increasingly requiring their plant suppliers to be removing or reducing peat usage.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hta.org.uk/resources/get?mediaId=27855","substitution":"CE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/","value":"trade customer demand","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In the UK, peat usage among growers and plant producers fell to 21.8% in 2025, down from 34.4% in 2024 and 39.5% in 2023.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"There was a continued reduction in peat usage amongst growers and plant producers to 21.8% in 2025, marking a fall from 34.4% in 2024, and 39.5% in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hta.org.uk/resources/get?mediaId=27855","substitution":"CE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/","value":"21.8% in 2025, 34.4% in 2024, 39.5% in 2023","year":"2023-2025"},{"claim":"In Germany, the average peat content in potting soils for hobby gardening decreased from 59% in 2019 to 33% in 2024.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"Between 2019 and 2024, a linear trend in the reduction of peat use can be observed on average for all potting soils, from 59 % to 33 %.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344925002095","substitution":"CE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/","value":"59% to 33%","year":"2019-2024"},{"claim":"The market share of peat-free potting soils in Germany increased from 7% in 2019 to 21% in 2024.","geography":"Germany","kind":"performance","quote":"During this period, the market share of peat-free potting soils has increased from 7 % to 21 %, as illustrated inFig. 2.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344925002095","substitution":"CE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce01/","value":"7% to 21%","year":"2019-2024"},{"claim":"The ban on methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol and the search for alternatives have largely promoted the global adoption of vegetable grafting.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The ban on MeBr together with the search for alternatives to chemical soil fumigation largely promoted the adoption of vegetable grafting worldwide.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-09-23-0345-IA","substitution":"CE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"U.S. nursery capacity for grafted vegetable plants reached 7.8 million plants per year in 2019, representing an eightfold increase from 2015.","geography":"","kind":"displacement","quote":"","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-09-23-0345-IA","substitution":"CE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/","value":"7.8 million plants per year","year":"2019"},{"claim":"A meta-analysis indicates that anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) can suppress pathogen inoculum by 50% to 94% across various environmental conditions.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Under most environmental conditions (i.e., a range of study types, soil temperature, soil types and incubation period), suppression of pathogen inoculum due to ASD treatment ranged from 50 to 94%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.01254/full","substitution":"CE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/","value":"50 to 94%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Biodisinfection techniques can reduce total production costs by 3.7% to 6.1% compared to conventional chemical methods in certain greenhouse models.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"The production system that performs self-management of agricultural biomass through the biodisinfection technique shows a decrease in total production costs ranging from 3.7% to 6.1% (Figure 4).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/8/859","substitution":"CE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/","value":"3.7% to 6.1%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In 2006-2007, 95% of the protected tomato production area in Morocco was planted with grafted plants.","geography":"Morocco","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2006-2007, 3,990 ha were planted with grafted plants which comprise 95 % of the protected tomato production area (Table 1).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sambuz.com/doc/current-situation-of-tomato-grafting-as-alternative-to-pdf-document-224747","substitution":"CE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/","value":"95%","year":"2006-2007"},{"claim":"Parties have phased out greater than 99.8% of the baseline consumption of 66,428 tonnes of methyl bromide for controlled non-QPS uses by 1 January 2023.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Parties report that greater than 99.8% of the baseline consumption of 66,428 tonnes for these controlled non-QPS uses has been phased out by 1 Jan 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/MBTOC-Assessment-2022.pdf","substitution":"CE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/","value":"\u003e99.8%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"By the end of 2012, non-A5 countries had phased out more than 98% of methyl bromide consumption for controlled uses.","geography":"multi-country or global","kind":"displacement","quote":"By the end of 2012, non-A5 countries had phased-out more than 98% of MB consumption for controlled uses.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/Phasing-out%20Methyl%20Bromide%20in%20developing%20countries%20FINAL%20low%20version.pdf","substitution":"CE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce02/","value":"\u003e98%","year":"2012"},{"claim":"In the Netherlands, biological pest control was used in 94.4 percent of greenhouse crop cultivation by area in 2024.","geography":"The Netherlands","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biological pest control was used in 94 percent of greenhouse crop cultivation in 2024 (by cultivated area).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2026/07/biological-pest-control-used-in-94-percent-of-greenhouse-cultivation","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"94.4%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Almeria, Spain, the area under biological control increased from 515 hectares in the 2006–2007 season to an average of 24,953 hectares over the last ten years.","geography":"Almeria, Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the 2006–2007 season, only 515 hectares in Almería used biological control organisms, four years later, it reached 20,081 hectares, and the average area during the last ten years was 24,953 hectares.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gh322w0n5h9","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"515 ha to 24,953 ha","year":"2006-2021"},{"claim":"Pest control costs in Almeria fell by 32.16% between the 2007/08 and 2012/13 seasons following the adoption of biological control.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"According to publications of the Research Institute of the Cajamar Foundation [22] from biological control’s arrival on the scene in 2007/08 to the 2012/13 season, pest control cost (chemical control + biological control) fell by 32.16%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gh322w0n5h9","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"32.16% reduction","year":"2007-2013"},{"claim":"The shift to biological control in Almeria was driven by a food safety alert in 2007 regarding pesticide residues in peppers, which led to market penalties and a 20% drop in exports.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The presence of isofenphos-methyl in peppers cultivated in Almería on December 2007 received widespread media coverage, giving rise to considerable concern in the sector, and of course, in Spanish and European consumers. The main distribution chains penalized Almería’s growers, and as a result, imports of Spanish pepper to the UE fell by 20% to 324,000,000 kg (almost 108 t less than had been exported in 2002), putting an end to the upward sales trend since 2004.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gh322w0n5h9","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"20% drop in exports","year":"2007"},{"claim":"In the Netherlands, biological pest control was used in 94.4 percent of the total greenhouse cultivated area in 2024.","geography":"Netherlands","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biological pest control was used in 94 percent of greenhouse crop cultivation in 2024 (by cultivated area).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2026/07/biological-pest-control-used-in-94-percent-of-greenhouse-cultivation","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"94.4%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In the Netherlands, biological pest control was used on 100 percent of the cultivated area for cucumbers and tomatoes in 2024.","geography":"Netherlands","kind":"displacement","quote":"| Cucumber | 100.0 | 100.0 | | Tomato | 100.0 | 100.0 |","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2026/07/biological-pest-control-used-in-94-percent-of-greenhouse-cultivation","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"100%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In the 2020/2021 season in Almería, 99.6% of the pepper crop area was under biological control.","geography":"Almería, Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"The pepper is the crop with the largest area under biological control 12,260 ha (99.6% of the crop area), followed by tomato 5372 ha (63.8%), cucumber 3637 ha (68.9%)","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gh322w0n5h9","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"99.6%","year":"2020/2021 season"},{"claim":"Insecticide consumption in Almería dropped by 40 percent since 2007.","geography":"Almería, Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"Consumption of insecticides in Almeria -- where agriculture employs some 120,000 people and accounts for 20 percent of economic output -- has dropped by 40 percent since 2007, according to local authorities.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.thelocal.es/20190724/how-farmers-are-using-insects-instead-of-pesticides-in-spains-sea-of-plastic","substitution":"CE03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce03/","value":"40%","year":"since 2007"},{"claim":"By 1992, bumblebees were being used to pollinate virtually all long-season tomato crops in the UK, replacing manual pollination methods.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"The benefits were so great that by 1992 bumblebees were being used to pollinate virtually all long-season tomato crops in the UK.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://archive.ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/history-of-biological-pollination-in-uk-tomato-crops","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"virtually all long-season tomato crops","year":"1992"},{"claim":"In 2016, bumblebees were used to pollinate 39.2% of the total greenhouse tomato production area in Japan.","geography":"Japan","kind":"displacement","quote":"Regarding the total area, bumblebees pollinated 39.2% of greenhouse tomatoes, and B. terrestris pollinated 32.0% of greenhouse tomatoes.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-and-applied-economics/article/effect-of-greenhouse-pollination-methods-on-consumers-willingness-to-pay-for-tomatoes-in-japan/6ECA888D1D92488355A6832501ECDFDE","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"39.2%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Bumblebee pollination increased tomato sales revenue by 8.06% and total benefits by 12.49% compared to hormone dipping.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"The research results showed that bee pollination increased the fruit setting rate, single fruit weight, and total yield of fresh tomatoes. The rate of malformed fruits decreased by 78.05%, the number of single fruits increased by 91.52%, the total sugar content increased by 17.44%, the soluble solids increased by 7.89%, the sugar acid ratio increased by 14.07%, tomato sales revenue increased by 8.06%, cost savings were 11550 yuan/hm 2, efficiency increased by 38910 yuan/hm 2, and total benefits increased by 12.49%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://nxxb.caass.org.cn/EN/10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2024-0177","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"8.06% revenue increase, 12.49% total benefit increase","year":"2024-2025"},{"claim":"Bumblebee pollination reduced costs compared to manual artificial pollination methods which require significant labor.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"This method is eco-friendly and requires fewer financial costs than artificial pollination methods, which require significant labour intervention to perform monotonous and fairly large-scale work, especially when it comes to industrial tomato cultivation.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://iieta.org/journals/ijdne/paper/10.18280/ijdne.180417","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"fewer financial costs","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The switch to bumblebee pollination was driven by the need to reduce labor-intensive manual pollination and hormone application, and to improve fruit quality and yield.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Bumblebees have been reared commercially at a relatively large scale since the late 1980s (Velthuis and Van Doorn 2006), when they subsequently replaced the more labor intensive and expensive manual pollination (Velthuis and Van Doorn 2006, Gosterit and Gurel 2018).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8042731/","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"reduce labor-intensive and expensive manual pollination","year":"2006-2021"},{"claim":"Around one million bumblebee colonies were sold for crop pollination in 2004.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Around one million B. terrestris colonies were sold for crop pollination in 2004, when they pollinated an estimated 40,000 hectares of tomatoes.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.edgechat.ai/commercial-bumblebee-rearing","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"one million colonies","year":"2004"},{"claim":"By 1992, bumblebees were being used to pollinate virtually all long-season tomato crops in the UK.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"The benefits were so great that by 1992 bumblebees were being used to pollinate virtually all long-season tomato crops in the UK.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://archive.ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/history-of-biological-pollination-in-uk-tomato-crops","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"virtually all long-season tomato crops","year":"1992"},{"claim":"In Japan, approximately 40% of greenhouse tomatoes are currently pollinated by bumblebees.","geography":"Japan","kind":"displacement","quote":"“Bumblebee” is a pollination method introduced in the 1990s; about 40% of Japanese greenhouse tomatoes are currently pollinated by this method.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-agricultural-and-applied-economics/article/effect-of-greenhouse-pollination-methods-on-consumers-willingness-to-pay-for-tomatoes-in-japan/6ECA888D1D92488355A6832501ECDFDE","substitution":"CE04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/ce04/","value":"about 40%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Microbial production of hyaluronic acid has largely replaced extraction from animal sources like rooster combs.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"For those reasons, the microbial production of HA has largely replaced HA extracted from animal sources [19].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/processes/processes-09-00241/article_deploy/processes-09-00241-v2.pdf?version=1614221319","substitution":"CM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/","value":"largely replaced","year":"2021 (publication year)"},{"claim":"Reverse substitution away from shark-derived squalane is nearly complete in the United States.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Reverse substitution away from shark-derived squalane is nearly complete, making the USA a mature market characterized by sugarcane-derived dominance (57.8% share in 2025).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/plant-based-squalane-market","substitution":"CM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/","value":"nearly complete","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Biotech-derived squalane provides performance and consistency equivalent to traditional shark-derived squalane.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Reproducible and robust, Amyris’ Squalane has a completely stable product profile and performance in formulation equivalent to traditional squalane sourced from shark liver oil.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.amyris.com/markets/squalane","substitution":"CM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/","value":"equivalent performance","year":"2024-2026"},{"claim":"Conservation pressure, regulatory frameworks, and consumer awareness regarding animal welfare have driven the switch away from shark-derived squalene.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The resulting declining population of sharks has thus increased awareness regarding animal welfare and protection, leading governments to impose regulatory frameworks to protect marine animals.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11464149/","substitution":"CM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/","value":"conservation pressure, regulation, and animal welfare concerns","year":"2014-2024"},{"claim":"A substantial share, above 70%, of hyaluronic acid production already uses microbial fermentation.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"A substantial share, above 70%, of HA production already uses microbial fermentation, underscoring the global industry shift away from animal-derived HA.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/bio-fermented-hyaluronic-acid-market","substitution":"CM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/","value":"above 70%","year":"2024-2025"},{"claim":"In 2013, global squalane production was 2,500 metric tonnes, with 1,050 MT from olive oil, 1,000 MT from shark liver, and 450 MT from Amyris (microbial fermentation).","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Global squalane production was 2,500 metric tonnes (MT) in 2013. Of that, 1,050 MT is produced frome olive oil, 1,000 MT from shark liver, and 450 MT from Amyris.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.etcgroup.org/files/ETC-squalane-synbio-casestudy2014.pdf","substitution":"CM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/","value":"1,000 MT from shark liver out of 2,500 MT total","year":"2013"},{"claim":"Reverse substitution away from shark-derived squalane is nearly complete in the United States.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Reverse substitution away from shark-derived squalane is nearly complete, making the USA a mature market characterized by sugarcane-derived dominance (57.8% share in 2025).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/plant-based-squalane-market","substitution":"CM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm01/","value":"nearly complete","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The European cosmetics industry achieved a 97.6% reduction in the use of plastic microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics and personal care products between 2012 and 2017.","geography":"EU plus Norway and Switzerland","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2018 data gathered by Cosmetics Europe for the ECHA Call for Evidence on intentionally added microplastics found a total 97.6 % reduction in the use of plastic microbeads in rinse-off cosmetics and personal care products between 2012 - 2017.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/23964241/04_cosmetics_europe_john_chave_en.pdf/832127a9-7345-3431-e246-20838cf7ce6c","substitution":"CM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm02/","value":"97.6% reduction","year":"2012-2017"},{"claim":"Median concentrations of irregular polyethylene plastic microbeads in wastewater treatment plant effluents declined by up to 86% following regulatory bans in the U.S. and Canada.","geography":"Canada (Toronto)","kind":"displacement","quote":"Median concentrations of irregular microbeads, composed of polyethylene plastic, declined by up to 86% in WWTP effluents from 8.4 to 14.3 particles/m3 before to 2.0–2.2 particles/m3 after the bans","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsestwater.3c00526","substitution":"CM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm02/","value":"86% reduction","year":"2016-2019"},{"claim":"Biodegradable alternatives like mannan, wax beads, and cellulose have been shown to provide cleansing and exfoliating efficacy comparable to polyethylene microbeads.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Here, cellulose particles had a cleansing effect in cosmetic products that was comparable to that of polyethylene or silica.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/cosmetic-ingredients/natural-sustainable/article/21837191/replacing-microplastics-natural-cellulose-offers-gentle-and-biodegradable-exfoliation","substitution":"CM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm02/","value":"comparable cleansing effect","year":""},{"claim":"Natural alternatives are generally more expensive than plastic microbeads, with costs ranging from £5.50/kg to £15.50/kg compared to £2.50/kg for plastics, though the impact on final product unit cost is relatively low.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Additionally, one company reported an increase in costs for using natural alternatives to £5.50/kg to £15.50/kg (up from £2.50/kg for plastics), which, given the original assumptions of indicative product microbead content (3% for toothpaste, 5% for face scrubs), the unit cost of switching is relatively low – the reported costs would represent an additional cost between £0.01 and £0.16 per unit.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukia/2024/92/pdfs/ukia_20240092_en.pdf","substitution":"CM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm02/","value":"£5.50/kg to £15.50/kg vs £2.50/kg","year":"2017-2024"},{"claim":"The switch from plastic microbeads to biodegradable alternatives was primarily driven by legislative bans and regulatory restrictions in the US, UK, Canada, and the EU.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Based on these risks and consumer concern, the use of microplastic particles, i.e., microbeads, in personal care products has been prohibited in the United States as of January 2018. The British government also banned personal care products containing microplastics as of January 2018, and several additional countries in the EU are discussing similar bans.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/cosmetic-ingredients/natural-sustainable/article/21837191/replacing-microplastics-natural-cellulose-offers-gentle-and-biodegradable-exfoliation","substitution":"CM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm02/","value":"legislative bans and regulatory restrictions","year":"2017-2018 onwards"},{"claim":"The global surfactant market is dominated by petrochemical and oleochemical surfactants, which together hold a market share of over 95%.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Today's market for surfactants is dominated by petrochemical and oleochemical surfactants (market share \u003e95%).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/su/d3su00122a","substitution":"CM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm03/","value":"\u003e95%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The share of microbial biosurfactants in the total surfactant market is less than 0.1%.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In relation to the surfactant market in total (35 bn€ per a), this means that the share of microbial surfactants is less than 0.1%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/su/d3su00122a","substitution":"CM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm03/","value":"\u003c0.1%","year":"2023 (based on 2020 data)"},{"claim":"Global production capacity of rhamnolipids and sophorolipids surpassed 120,000 metric tons in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Global production capacity of rhamnolipids and sophorolipids surpassed 120,000 metric tons in 2025, supported by expanded fermentation infrastructure in Germany, the United States, and China.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.emergenresearch.com/industry-report/bio-based-surfactants-market","substitution":"CM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cm03/","value":"120,000 metric tons","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Biochar production is growing rapidly, with a global production of at least 350,000 metric tonnes in 2023, representing a 91% CAGR over 2021.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Biochar continues to lead the way in delivering durable CDR with global production of at least 350,000 metric tonnes of biochar in 2023, a 91% CAGR over reported 2021 production.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://biochar-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Global-Biochar-Market-Report-2023-%E2%80%93-Public.pdf","substitution":"CR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr01/","value":"350,000 metric tonnes","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In an on-farm study in India, biochar application resulted in a 4.34% increase in crop yield, a 29.34% increase in net return, and a 1.52% reduction in the cost of cultivation.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"Findings show that the application of biochar had a positive and significant effect on crop yield enhancement (4.34%) and net return (29.34%), and a reduction in cost of cultivation (1.52%).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/pdclbt72pvv","substitution":"CR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr01/","value":"4.34% yield increase, 29.34% net return increase, 1.52% cost reduction","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Co-incorporation of mung bean residue and rice husk biochar allowed for a 30% reduction in nitrogen and 50% reduction in phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applications without compromising rice yield in a Vietnam field study.","geography":"Vietnam","kind":"performance","quote":"Moreover, this practice allowed for a 30% reduction in N and a 50% reduction in P2O5 and K2O applications without compromising rice yield.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/2/278","substitution":"CR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr01/","value":"30% reduction in N, 50% reduction in P2O5 and K2O","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Biochar deployment is driven by crop yield improvements and carbon pricing, with carbon pricing facilitating the activation of co-benefits in cropland systems.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"This suggests that a carbon pricing regime drives biochar deployment and facilitates the activation of co-benefits attributed to biochar in cropland systems [51].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://google.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad52ab","substitution":"CR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr01/","value":"not applicable","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Global biochar production increased from 180,150 metric tonnes in 2023 to 520,810 metric tonnes in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Global biochar production reached an estimated 520,810 metric tonnes (mt) in 2025, up from 180,150 mt in 2023 — a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 70% 1.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://biochar-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/2025-Market-Report-Executive-Summary.pdf","substitution":"CR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr01/","value":"180,150 mt to 520,810 mt","year":"2023-2025"},{"claim":"U.S. biochar production grew from 86,893 metric tonnes in 2023 to 151,329 metric tonnes in 2025.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"Estimated U.S. biochar production grew at a 32% CAGR, increasing from 86,893 metric tonnes in 2023 to 151,329 metric tonnes in 2025, with ... projecting production could exceed 819,000 metric tonnes annually by 2027.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://biochar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/2025-United-States-Biochar-Market-Report.pdf","substitution":"CR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr01/","value":"86,893 mt to 151,329 mt","year":"2023-2025"},{"claim":"A comparative analysis of a biochar-based reactive filtration system versus a coal-based activated carbon system in a wastewater treatment pilot showed that the biochar-based system had significantly lower environmental impacts, including a 99% reduction in global warming impact when the biochar was subsequently used as a soil amendment.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"The comparative analysis results for 1-m3water treated are shown in Table2, demonstrating that the global warming impact may be reduced by almost 99% if biochar is added in the system and then used as a land application soil amendment.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wer.10962","substitution":"CR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr02/","value":"99% reduction in global warming impact","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Pilot-scale testing of non-activated biochar for swine manure treatment demonstrated ammonia emission reductions of 12.7–22.6% compared to control groups.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Significant reductions in emissions were observed for NH3 (12.7–22.6% reduction as compared to the control).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/6/929","substitution":"CR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr02/","value":"12.7–22.6% reduction","year":"2017"},{"claim":"In a study of pig slurry storage, a biochar-based mat treatment reduced ammonia emissions by an average of 32% compared to the control.","geography":"Italy","kind":"performance","quote":"NH3 emissions were reduced by an average of 32% compared to the control, with a minimum reduction of 11% in the winter period and a maximum of 56% in the summer period.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://charrimedio.crpa.it/media/documents/charrimedio_www/blog/2023_EUBCE_4BV.5.8_paper.pdf?v=20240109","substitution":"CR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr02/","value":"32% reduction","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Laboratory-scale testing of rice husk biochar in dairy bedding reduced ammonia emissions by 27% and 43% at 5% and 10% application rates, respectively.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Biochar application led to NH3 emission reductions of 27% and 43% and DMS emission reductions of 53% and 75% at 5% and 10% addition levels, respectively, with the most significant reductions observed within the first two weeks.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/11/6361","substitution":"CR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr02/","value":"27% and 43% reduction","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Global biochar production reached an estimated 520,810 metric tonnes in 2025, up from 180,150 metric tonnes in 2023.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Global biochar production reached an estimated 520,810 metric tonnes (mt) in 2025, up from 180,150 mt in 2023 — a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 70% 1.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://biochar-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/2025-Market-Report-Executive-Summary.pdf","substitution":"CR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr02/","value":"520,810 metric tonnes in 2025, up from 180,150 mt in 2023","year":"2023-2025"},{"claim":"In the US, a 1% market penetration of the livestock manure management sector would require approximately 1.4 million tons of biochar annually.","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"Using a 1% market penetration and a 10% application rate by weight, there would be a need for 1.4M tons of biochar annually.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.metzlerforestproducts.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/LIVESTOCK-Dovetail-Partners-Biochar-Use-In-The-Livestock-Industry-Report.pdf","substitution":"CR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/cr02/","value":"1% market penetration ... 1.4M tons of biochar annually","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Genomic selection has displaced progeny testing as the primary method for selecting service sires in the US dairy industry, with the majority of bulls marketed being young genomic-tested bulls rather than progeny-tested bulls.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"For instance, of the 2,741 Holstein bulls available in the market in August 2016, 2,172 (79%) were young genomic-tested bulls.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/download/104584/118406/178680","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"79%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Genomic selection has doubled the rate of genetic gain in US dairy cattle by significantly reducing the generation interval.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"The genomic selection program for dairy cattle in the United States has doubled the rate of genetic gain.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9500184/","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"doubled the rate of genetic gain","year":"2010-2022"},{"claim":"Progeny testing was expensive, costing between $25,000 and $50,000 per bull, with at least $200,000 invested in each active bull.","geography":"United States","kind":"economics","quote":"Progeny testing cost $25,000–$50,000 per bull ... At least $200,000 invested in each active bull","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://uscdcb.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CDCB_AABP_Vet_Webinar_2019-smh2.pdf","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"$25,000–$50,000 per bull","year":"2019"},{"claim":"The primary driver for the switch to genomic selection was the need to reduce the long generation interval and high costs associated with traditional progeny testing to accelerate genetic improvement.","geography":"United States","kind":"driver","quote":"The combination of massive historical phenotypic data, breeding organizations able to invest in technology, data processing and evaluation infrastructure, and a long generation interval made dairy cattle an ideal candidate for genomic selection.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.johnbcole.com/publications/ARAB_5_309-327_WiggansEtAl.pdf","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"long generation interval and high costs","year":"2009-2016"},{"claim":"Genomic selection was rapidly adopted by the industry, and more than half of all AI matings in the United States are now made to genomically tested young bulls.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Genomic selection was rapidly adopted by the industry, and more than half of all AI matings in the United States are now made to genomically tested young bulls.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://funjackals.com/publications/PNAS-2016-Garcia-Ruiz-1519061113.pdf","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"more than half","year":"2016"},{"claim":"In 2016, 67% of breedings through AI were to bulls with no milking progeny.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2016, 67% of breedings through AI were to bulls with no milking progeny","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://interbull.org/static/web/1600EzequielNicolazzi.pdf","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"67%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"In 2018, 69% of AI breedings were to genomic bulls.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"69% of AI breedings to genomic bulls","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://uscdcb.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CDCB_AABP_Vet_Webinar_2019-smh2.pdf","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"69%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"By 2021, young genomic sires accounted for 71% of the inseminations in U.S. herds that record through Dairy Herd Information (DHI).","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"By 2021, young genomic sires accounted for 71% of the inseminations in U.S. herds that record through Dairy Herd Information (DHI).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://usacattlegenetics.com/national-genetic-evaluations/genomic-selection/genomic-selection-in-the-u-s/","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"71%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The generation intervals for the sire of bulls (SB) and sire of cows (SC) paths were reduced by 25–50% over the 5 years following 2009 to averages of less than 3 years for SB and approximately 5 years for SC.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"These GI were reduced by 25–50% over the next 5 y to averages of less than 3 y for SB and ∼5 y for SC.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://funjackals.com/publications/PNAS-2016-Garcia-Ruiz-1519061113.pdf","substitution":"DR01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr01/","value":"25–50% reduction; \u003c3 y for SB; ~5 y for SC","year":"2009-2014"},{"claim":"By 2016, Japan had registered approximately 2,800 unmanned helicopters used to spray an estimated 42% of its rice paddies.","geography":"Japan","kind":"displacement","quote":"by 2016, Japan had registered approximately 2,800 unmanned helicopters used to spray an estimated 42% of its rice paddies (Filho et al., 2020)","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://edepot.wur.nl/709011","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"42%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"In China, nearly 100,000 UASS units treated more than 66 million hectares in 2020.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"while in China, nearly 100,000 UASS units treated more than 66 million hectares in 2020 (Yan et al., 2021).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://edepot.wur.nl/709011","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"66 million hectares","year":"2020"},{"claim":"UAV-assisted spraying demonstrated substantial operational advantages over conventional knapsack application, achieving 96% and 97% reductions in water and time requirements, respectively.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"The UAV spraying achieved 96% and 97% reductions in water and time requirements, respectively, and exhibited 70.83% higher energy efficiency (Table 10 ).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/12wbqtl9yql","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"96% and 97% reductions","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The running costs for conventional sprayers are EUR 244–252/day, while the running costs for UAV sprayers are EUR 171–188/day.","geography":"Spain","kind":"economics","quote":"As seen from the equations, the running costs for conventional sprayers are EUR 244–252/day, while the running costs for UAV sprayers are EUR 171–188/day.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/6/1307","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"EUR 244–252/day vs EUR 171–188/day","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Adoption of UAV increased revenue by approximately 434–488 dollars per hectare and reduced the time spent on pesticide application in the range of 14.4–15.8 h per hectare.","geography":"China","kind":"driver","quote":"The empirical results show that adoption of UAV increased revenue by approximately 434–488 dollars per hectare and reduced the time spent on pesticide application in the range of 14.4–15.8 h per hectare.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11119-023-10025-9","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"434–488 dollars per hectare; 14.4–15.8 h per hectare","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In 2024, the annual operation volume of agricultural drones in China exceeded 2.6 billion mu-times.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"《白皮书》显示，2024年，中国农业无人机年作业量突破26亿亩次，带动近50万人从事飞防服务行业，形成约130亿元的飞防市场规模。","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2025/08-23/10470039.shtml","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"26亿亩次","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Drone spraying can reduce pesticide usage by 15% to 20% on average.","geography":"China","kind":"performance","quote":"AI识别病虫害、变量喷洒控制等智能化功能逐步普及，进一步提高了农药利用率，平均可减少药剂使用量15%至20%，契合绿色农业的发展方向。","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.docin.com/p-5010298720.html","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"15%至20%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Drone spraying can save 20-30% of pesticides compared to manual knapsack spraying.","geography":"China","kind":"performance","quote":"相关测试表明，在植保环节，相比人工背负式喷洒，植保无人机喷洒可节约农药20-30%。","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nongjitong.com/news/2020/476903.html","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"20-30%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"The adoption of drones reduced the time spent on pesticide application by 14.4–15.8 hours per hectare.","geography":"China","kind":"performance","quote":"The empirical results show that adoption of UAV increased revenue by approximately 434–488 dollars per hectare and reduced the time spent on pesticide application in the range of 14.4–15.8 h per hectare.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11119-023-10025-9","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"14.4–15.8 h per hectare","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Drone spraying is 28.6 times faster than manual knapsack spraying.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"In terms of time efficiency, the drone sprayer is approximately 28.6 times faster than the knapsack sprayer, completing the spraying of 9 ac in just 1.2 hrs compared to 34.3 hrs required by the manual method.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://horizonepublishing.com/index.php/PST/article/download/7758/8982/59688","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"28.6 times","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Drone spraying uses 3.33 times less water per unit area than manual knapsack spraying.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"This indicates that the drone uses 3.33 times less water per unit area, significantly reducing water usage and supporting more sustainable agricultural practices.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://horizonepublishing.com/index.php/PST/article/download/7758/8982/59688","substitution":"DR02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr02/","value":"3.33 times less water","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Jilin Province, China, government-subsidized biological control programs led to a massive increase in the area treated with Trichogramma dendrolimi, from 0.6 to 2.72 million hectares between 2004 and 2015.","geography":"Jilin Province, China","kind":"displacement","quote":"From 2004 to 2015, governmental subsidies to ACB biological control resulted in a massive increase in the area treated with T. dendrolimi wasps in the Jilin province, from 0.6 to 2.72 million ha (Chen et al. 2015).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tsppft.com/upload/img/2025/0208/17389934214863883095.pdf","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"0.6 to 2.72 million ha","year":"2004-2015"},{"claim":"Large-scale Trichogramma releases in Jilin Province, China, significantly reduced insecticide use from 0.89 to 0.71 kg/ha in treated areas.","geography":"Jilin Province, China","kind":"performance","quote":"The total amount of insecticides used also declined significantly with the increasing ratio of Trichogramma-treated areas, from roughly 0.89 to 0.71 kg/ha at the scale of a county, at 0 and 100 % of Trichogramma-treated areas, respectively (Fig. 2; F1,57 = 12.77,3 R2 = 0.183, P \u003c 0.001).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tsppft.com/upload/img/2025/0208/17389934214863883095.pdf","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"0.89 to 0.71 kg/ha","year":"2000-2015"},{"claim":"In a Brazilian maize field trial, replacing five conventional insecticide applications with a single drone-based Trichogramma release reduced pest management costs by approximately R$ 250 per hectare.","geography":"Alto Alegre, Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"“Diferente do manejo convencional que utilizou cinco aplicações de inseticidas para o controle de lagartas, o biológico realizou apenas uma dispersão de vespas para todo o ciclo da cultura do milho, gerando uma redução de cerca de R$ 250 por hectare.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://revistacultivar.com.br/noticias/liberacao-de-macrobiologicos-via-drone-gera-maior-rentabilidade-ao-produtor","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"R$ 250 per hectare","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Biological control with Trichogramma pretiosum in Brazilian organic maize increased productivity by 19.4% and provided an economic gain of US$ 96.5 per hectare compared to control plots.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Maize yields for parasited plots increased of 701 kg/ha versus control plots. This result equals a 19.4 % gain of productivity and US$96.5 gain per hectare.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/jvkv6n6c9ll","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"19.4% gain of productivity and US$96.5 gain per hectare","year":"2015"},{"claim":"In Kenya, parasitoid-based management for fall armyworm in maize resulted in higher net farm benefits compared to chemical pesticides by avoiding recurrent pesticide and labor costs.","geography":"Kenya","kind":"economics","quote":"It is because parasitoid farmers avoided recurrent pesticide and labor costs while achieving higher or comparable yields.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/knssk5x80mv","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"higher net farm benefits","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In Brazil, almost all parasitoids (90-95%) are released by drones.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"Almost all the parasitoids (90-95%) are released by drones at a cost competitive with chemicals.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/j2tyrcsmsrn","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"90-95%","year":""},{"claim":"In Brazil, Trichogramma galloi is used on 5 million hectares, with large-scale releases by drones.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"For sugarcane, one of the most successful cases, the exotic parasitoid Cotesia flavipes has been used since the 1970s on approximately 2 million hectares, and the native parasitoid Trichogramma galloi is used on 5 million hectares, with large-scale releases by drones.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1235839","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"5 million hectares","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In a practical example in Alto Alegre (RS), Brazil, the use of Trichogramma pretiosum via drone for corn caterpillar control replaced five insecticide applications with one biological dispersion, reducing costs by approximately R$ 250 per hectare.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Diferente do manejo convencional que utilizou cinco aplicações de inseticidas para o controle de lagartas, o biológico realizou apenas uma dispersão de vespas para todo o ciclo da cultura do milho, gerando uma redução de cerca de R$ 250 por hectare.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://revistacultivar.com.br/noticias/liberacao-de-macrobiologicos-via-drone-gera-maior-rentabilidade-ao-produtor","substitution":"DR03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dr03/","value":"5 applications of insecticides to 1 dispersion of wasps","year":"2020"},{"claim":"A targeted mastitis therapy concept using on-farm rapid tests can reduce intramammary antibiotic consumption by 35% to 73% compared to blanket treatment regimens.","geography":"UK/Germany","kind":"performance","quote":"In previous trials involving targeted AT based on OFC results, the intramammary antibiotic consumption was halved 14 and reduced by 70 per cent by Vasquez and others. 22 In a trial with a similar tLCT concept to the present study, Kock and others 38 showed the average consumption of local antibiotics could be significantly reduced, but only by 35 per cent... Despite the treatment recommendations not being fully implemented in the tLCTmod group, about 62 per cent less of both intramammary and parenteral antimicrobial doses were used.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.valeveterinarygroup.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/6.-Vet-Rec-Implementation-of-a-tLCT-concept-using-Mastdecide-OFC-AMU-reduction-cure-rates-and-compliance.-Schmenger-Kroemker-Biggs-et-al-Oct-2020.pdf","substitution":"DX01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx01/","value":"35% to 73% reduction in intramammary antibiotic consumption","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Selective therapy for clinical mastitis based on on-farm pathogen identification resulted in a 27.3% reduction in the number of cases treated with antibiotics and an estimated cost saving of approximately US$5,721.47 in a single dairy herd.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"However, with the use of onfarm culture and selective treatment of clinical mastitis, 65 fewer cases were treated (27.3%), that is, only 173 cases, totaling a cost of US17,884.34 (considering the cost with the veterinarian and the 265 plates), and savings estimated at US5,721.47.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/s1pmt902h0n","substitution":"DX01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx01/","value":"27.3% reduction in treated cases; US$5,721.47 savings","year":"2017-2019"},{"claim":"Farmers are driven to adopt on-farm culture and selective treatment by a desire to do the right thing, future-proof their businesses, and meet the expectations of buyers and consumers, rather than primarily by cost savings.","geography":"UK","kind":"driver","quote":"But it is evident that the potential cost savings are minimal compared with the potential savings of reducing the incidence of mastitis in problem farms. However, cost is not the only motivator, probably a minor one considering the discussions at farmer’s meetings, and “doing the right thing”, “future proofing”, working to meet buyers’ and consumers’ expectations are all higher on the agenda.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://innovativefarmers.org/media/d5zd4bez/mastitis-final-report.pdf","substitution":"DX01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx01/","value":"not applicable","year":"2023"},{"claim":"A survey of Canadian farmers reported that 64% used selective clinical mastitis treatment protocols.","geography":"Canada","kind":"driver","quote":"A survey of Canadian farmers reported 64% used selective clinical mastitis treatment protocols, with a median of 82% of cows being selectively treated on those farms (de Jong et al., 2024) .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/5v3q59b6xkb","substitution":"DX01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx01/","value":"64%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In a study of 144 Canadian dairy farms, 31% reported adopting selective dry cow therapy, while 66% enacted blanket dry cow treatment.","geography":"Canada","kind":"displacement","quote":"Overall, 45 farms (31%) reported adopting selective DCT, 95 (66%) enacted blanket DCT, and 4 (3%) did not provide antimicrobial DCT.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/jvyccw9bx38","substitution":"DX01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx01/","value":"31% selective, 66% blanket","year":"2019-2021"},{"claim":"In the United Kingdom, intramammary antimicrobial clinical mastitis treatments were reduced by 25% between 2015 and 2020.","geography":"United Kingdom","kind":"displacement","quote":"Similarly, in the United Kingdom, intramammary antimicrobial CM treatments were reduced 25% between 2015 and 2020 (RUMA (Responsible Use of Medicines in Agriculture Alliance), 2020), a change attributed largely to mastitis control programs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/63qv70b9v3k","substitution":"DX01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx01/","value":"25%","year":"2015-2020"},{"claim":"In New Zealand autumn-sown wheat trials, IPM-managed crops achieved a 50% reduction in insecticide applications compared to conventional crops with no significant yield or disease differences.","geography":"New Zealand","kind":"displacement","quote":"There was an increasing trend in the number of beneficial organisms, a reduction in pests and a 50% reduction in the number of insecticides applied in the IPMmanaged crops.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/qg7q8grv07d","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"50% reduction","year":"2008-2010"},{"claim":"Crisping potato growers in South Australia reduced insecticide sprays from an average of 4.5 per crop prior to 1992-93 to 1.5 sprays in the 1995/96 season.","geography":"Australia","kind":"displacement","quote":"The number of sprays in Atlantic crisping crops in the Adelaide Hills of South Australia has fallen from an average of 4.5 sprays per crop (range 0-7) prior to the 1992-93 season to an average of 0.5 sprays in 1993/94 (range 0-2), 1.4 sprays in 1994-95 (range 0-3) and 1.5 sprays in the 1995/96 crop (range 0-6).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ausveg.com.au/app/data/technical-insights/docs/PT538.pdf","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"4.5 sprays to 1.5 sprays per crop","year":"1992-1996"},{"claim":"The Okanagan-Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Program achieved a 96% reduction in pesticide use per acre for codling moth control.","geography":"Canada","kind":"displacement","quote":"A 96% reduction in amount of pesticide use per acre for controlling codling moth.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://archive.ipmsymposium.org/2022/Documents/OKSIR.pdf","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"96% reduction","year":"2002-2022"},{"claim":"Over half of Florida strawberry growers adopted the Strawberry Advisory System in its first decade, reducing fungicide use by 30–50 percent.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Just over half of Florida's strawberry growers have adopted the Strawberry Advisory System in its first decade of existence, reducing their use of fungicides by 30–50 percent.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://toolkit.nemac.org/case-study/alert-system-helps-strawberry-growers-reduce-costs","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"30–50 percent reduction","year":"2004-2014"},{"claim":"Meta-analyses of Decision Support Systems (DSS) indicate the potential to reduce fungicide use by at least 50% compared to calendar-based programs without compromising control.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"meta-analysis of DSS strategies indicated the possibility of reducing sprays by at least 50% compared to calendar programmes without compromising control.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://farmportal.eu/en/blog/modele-chorobowe","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"at least 50% reduction","year":"2026"},{"claim":"IPM adoption in South Australia crisping potatoes reduced production costs by $200–$300 per hectare.","geography":"Australia","kind":"economics","quote":"Under IPM, most growers have reduced the number of sprays by 3 to 4 per crop. This translates to reduced production costs of $200-$300/hectare.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ausveg.com.au/app/data/technical-insights/docs/PT538.pdf","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"$200-$300/hectare savings","year":"1996"},{"claim":"The OKSIR program provides a cost-benefit ratio of $2.5 in benefit for every $1 in cost for producers and society.","geography":"Canada","kind":"economics","quote":"a recent cost-benefit analysis conducted revealed that, on both commercial and non-commercial properties, for every $1 in cost there was $2.5 in benefit, both for the producers and for society as a whole","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://archive.ipmsymposium.org/2022/Documents/OKSIR.pdf","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"$2.5 benefit per $1 cost","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Regulatory pressure, including EU Directive 2009/128/EC and the withdrawal of active substances, is a primary driver for the implementation of IPM practices.","geography":"EU","kind":"driver","quote":"The introduction of obligations to apply the integrated pest management principles by all professional pesticide users results from the provisions of Art 14 of Directive 2009/128 /EC and Art. 55 of Regulation No. 1107/2009/EC.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://foliaaapz.zut.edu.pl/pdf/338/AAPZ2017.44.4.25.pdf","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"Directive 2009/128/EC and Regulation No. 1107/2009/EC","year":"2017"},{"claim":"In Western Europe, almost 50% of the apple and pear acreage is managed under an Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) program.","geography":"Western Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"Moreover, as an outcome of the latest European directives the market demand on IFP is steadily increasing and during the last years, almost 50% of the apple and the pear acreage in Western Europe are managed under an IFP program [16].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/6/3/626","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"50%","year":"2015"},{"claim":"The adoption of Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) in larger areas has led to a 30% decrease in conventional pesticide application.","geography":"Western Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since 1991, the cultivated apple area has increased over 40%, while the adoption of IFP in larger areas has led also the means for marketing IFP labeled fruit and which resulted up to 30% decrease in conventional pesticide application and increased usage of biorational and environmentally friendly pesticides.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/6/3/626","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"30% decrease","year":"1991-2015"},{"claim":"In the Netherlands, IPM based on biological control is used on over 90% of greenhouse tomato, cucumber, and sweet pepper production.","geography":"The Netherlands","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Europe, IPM based around biological control is used on over 90 per cent of greenhouse tomato, cucumber and sweet pepper production in The Netherlands [18] and is standard practice for greenhouse crops in the UK.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3130386/","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"90%","year":"2011"},{"claim":"Threshold-based insecticide programs reduced insecticide applications by 44% compared to calendar-based programs.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In total, threshold-based insecticide programs reduced applications by 44% compared to calendar-based insecticide programs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02643-0","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"44%","year":"1970-2022"},{"claim":"Threshold-based insecticide programs reduced associated costs by 39% compared to calendar-based programs.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"This reduction in insecticide resulted in a 39% decrease in insecticide cost in threshold-based insecticide programs (n = 36) (Fig. 3b).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02643-0","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"39%","year":"1970-2022"},{"claim":"AI-guided micro-spot applications reduced chemical active ingredient volume by 72.4% compared to conventional broadcast spraying.","geography":"multi-country or global","kind":"performance","quote":"Across multi-crop field trials (tomato and cotton) over two consecutive seasons (2024–2025; n = 48 experimental plots), AI-guided micro-spot applications reduced chemical active ingredient volume by 72.4% compared to conventional broadcast spraying (p \u003c 0.001, Cohen’s d = 4.12).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://amresearchjournal.com/index.php/Journal/article/view/2408","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"72.4%","year":"2024-2025"},{"claim":"AI-based pest management advisory resulted in up to 22% higher income for cotton farmers in India during the 2020-21 season.","geography":"India","kind":"economics","quote":"Artificial intelligence (AI) based pest management advisory based on integrated pest management (IPM) to cotton farmers on smartphone by resulted in pest attack reduction \u0026 up to 22% higher income in the 1 year- 2020-21 in Ranebennur, Karnataka \u0026Wardha, Maharashtra states.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/c8j9y7cq4dy","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"22%","year":"2020-21"},{"claim":"Trapview has over 1000 traps in use, which have helped produce over 12 million tons of food, reduced CO2 emissions by 9 337 tons, supported 59 847 hours of labour savings, and saved growers over EUR 130 million in costs.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"There are over 1000 traps in use. ... The 1000+ installed devices have helped produce over 12 million tons of food, have reduced CO2 emissions by 9 337 tons, have supported 59 847 hours of labour savings and have saved growers over EUR 130 million in costs (as of September 2022).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://agritechobservatory.review.fao.org/en/trapview","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"1000+ traps, 12 million tons of food, 9 337 tons CO2, 59 847 hours labour, EUR 130 million costs","year":"as of September 2022"},{"claim":"In Japan and South Korea, pilot programs for AI-powered camera traps have demonstrated a 35% reduction in pesticide application costs.","geography":"Japan and South Korea","kind":"performance","quote":"Japan and South Korea are at the frontier of deploying AI-powered camera traps capable of processing thousands of insect images per hour, with pilot programs demonstrating a 35% reduction in pesticide application costs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/insect-monitoring-market","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"35% reduction","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Connected monitoring platforms have demonstrated the ability to reduce pesticide application frequency by 30-50% while maintaining equivalent crop protection outcomes in controlled trials.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Connected monitoring platforms have demonstrated the ability to reduce pesticide application frequency by 30-50% while maintaining equivalent crop protection outcomes in controlled trials, delivering both cost savings of up to $45 per hectare per season and environmental benefits through reduced chemical load on ecosystems.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/insect-monitoring-market","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"30-50% reduction","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Semios serves customers managing over 300,000 acres of high-value crops as of 2025.","geography":"North America","kind":"displacement","quote":"Semios Technologies (Canada) has established a strong market position in North American tree fruit, nut, and wine grape production through its connected monitoring platform that integrates pheromone-based insect traps with weather stations, mating disruption dispensers, and automated spray decision support tools, serving customers managing over 300,000 acres of high-value crops as of 2025.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/insect-monitoring-market","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"300,000 acres","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Spensa Technologies has deployed monitoring networks across over 1 million acres of Midwestern U.S. farmland.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Spensa Technologies (USA), operating its NEXUS platform, provides automated trap systems with real-time insect counting and identification for corn and soybean production, having deployed monitoring networks across over 1 million acres of Midwestern U.S. farmland.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/insect-monitoring-market","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"1 million acres","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In 2025, more than 1.2 million sensor-equipped traps were deployed across North America and Europe, cutting pesticide use by roughly 30% compared with conventional scouting.","geography":"North America and Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2025, more than 1.2 million sensor-equipped traps were deployed across North America and Europe, delivering real‑time alerts with an average detection accuracy of 92 %. This precision enables growers to target interventions within a 24‑hour window, cutting pesticide use by roughly 30 % compared with conventional scouting.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.intelmarketresearch.com/global-automated-pest-monitoring-system-forecast-market-market-market-26625","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"1.2 million traps, 30% reduction","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The US EPA has reported a 40% reduction in pesticide usage on farms implementing integrated pest management systems with monitoring technology since 2020.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"The US EPA has reported a 40% reduction in pesticide usage on farms implementing integrated pest management systems with monitoring technology since 2020, demonstrating their environmental benefits while maintaining crop yields.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.intelmarketresearch.com/farmland-pest-monitoring-system-market-6302","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"40% reduction","year":"since 2020"},{"claim":"Portugal is deploying a nationwide automated pest monitoring system with 2000 monitoring stations and more than 1300 automated, self-cleaning traps already deployed.","geography":"Portugal","kind":"displacement","quote":"The initiative will see 2000 monitoring stations installed across vineyards and orchards, establishing a fully connected, data-driven infrastructure for crop protection. ... With more than 1300 automated, self-cleaning traps already deployed, Trapview is the technological backbone of the project, delivering continuous field data and turning it into actionable intelligence for growers and decision-makers.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://trapview.com/portugal-pioneers-europes-first-national-pest-monitoring-system-with-trapview-at-its-core/","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"2000 stations, 1300 traps","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Leading systems reduce insecticide volumes 40-70% versus calendar spraying.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Leading systems reduce insecticide volumes 40-70 % versus calendar spraying while maintaining or improving yield through precise IPM timing.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.giiresearch.com/report/ksi1917982-smart-pest-management-system-market-forecast-from.html","substitution":"DX02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/dx02/","value":"40-70% reduction","year":"2026-2031"},{"claim":"In an operational dengue control program in Malaysia (Sibu district), wide-area Bti spray was integrated into routine control in 2016 after 2015 pilot data, while adulticiding using pyrethroids/organophosphates continued; this shows Bti adoption within real program practice rather than a measured full displacement of OP/pyrethroid fogging.","geography":"Malaysia (Sibu township, Sarawak)","kind":"displacement","quote":"So, in 2016 in site Z-7L when dengue cases resurfaced and the numbers continued to escalate despite the intensive adulticiding once every 3 days from EW 9, the wide area Bti spray application was integrated into the routine vector control program from EW 27/2016.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0230910","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"In 2015, Bti spray was used in site Z7-L; in 2016, Bti was integrated into the routine vector control program from EW 27/2016 (adulticiding by thermal fogging and truck-mounted ULV misting with PY and OP conducted within 400 m once every 3 days).","year":"2015–2016"},{"claim":"In the same Malaysia program example, after initiating Bti in 2015 (Z7-L), incidence rate was reduced 51-fold four weeks later, with only one single case in 25 weeks; in 2016, when Bti was integrated despite intensive adulticiding, incidence rate declined 6-fold and had no cases in weeks EW 39–52.","geography":"Malaysia (Sibu township, Sarawak; zone 7, site Z7-L)","kind":"performance","quote":"In 2015, four weeks after initiating the Bti treatment, a 51 fold reduction in the IR per 100,000 population was observed, with only one single case in 25 weeks (EW 29–52).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0230910","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"51 fold reduction in the IR per 100,000 population (only one single case in 25 weeks); 6 folds reduction in the IR per 100,000 population (no cases in the 11 weeks between EW 39–52).","year":"2015 (4 weeks after initiating Bti; EW 29–52) and 2016 (EW 27/2016 onward; EW 39–52)"},{"claim":"In 2016, after Bti was integrated into routine control in Z7-L, dengue incidence rate declined 6-fold and no cases were reported for 11 weeks.","geography":"Malaysia (Sibu township, Sarawak; zone 7, site Z7-L)","kind":"performance","quote":"Then the dengue case numbers declined evidently with 6 folds reduction in the IR per 100,000 population. No cases were reported within the 11 weeks between EW 39–52.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0230910","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"6 folds reduction in the IR per 100,000 population; No cases were reported within the 11 weeks between EW 39–52.","year":"2016 (EW 39–52)"},{"claim":"In a multi-year operational quality dataset in Italy (catch basins in public areas), overall the Bti+Bs program had lower proportions of catch basins positive for mosquito larvae than the figures reported for DFB at specified inspection days, and the paper reports quantitative positive catch basin percentages over time since treatment.","geography":"Italy (Veneto region; catch basins)","kind":"performance","quote":"Overall, 10% of Bti + Bs-treated catch basins with water were positive for mosquito L3, L4 or P, with a higher percentage in 2020 than in the other years (14.2%, χ2 =259.56, P \u003c 0.001) (Table 1).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12441763/","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"Overall, 10% of Bti + Bs-treated catch basins with water were positive for mosquito L3, L4 or P; for Ae. albopictus the lethal effect decreases over time with 2% and 13% positive catch basins 2 and 28 days after treatments; for DFB, the proportion is on average 7% and 8% at day 7 and 4% for both species at day 21.","year":"2020–2021 (multi-year operational QC dataset; with context that no data for 2019)"},{"claim":"In the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany, Bti formulations have been used solely against floodwater mosquitoes since 1981, replacing previous methods like lecithin surface layers.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since 1981 formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) were solely used against floodwater mosquitoes.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/px50bp8wffl","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"100% (solely used)","year":"1981-2016"},{"claim":"In Brazil, Bti has been used as a substitute for temephos in some localities since 2001 to manage resistance.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since 2001, the resistance was managed by replacing temephos with Bti in some localities [18].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004973\u0026type=printable","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"not specified","year":"2001-2016"},{"claim":"Global use of Bti for dengue control was reported at 70–300 metric tons of formulated product per year.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was reported mainly for dengue control, with a global use of 70–300 metric tons of formulated product per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3339467/","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"70–300 metric tons","year":"2011"},{"claim":"Bti is used universally in the dry season within the Onchocerciasis Control Programme.","geography":"West Africa","kind":"displacement","quote":"Resistance to chemical insecticides is now very widespread, and B.t.i. is used universally in the dry season.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"http://ij-entomology.online/ojs/public/journals/1/archives/IJE-1989-kurtak-OCR.pdf","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"several hundred thousand litres per year","year":"1989"},{"claim":"Bti is effective against blackfly populations that have developed resistance to temephos.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"B.t.i. has the advantages of being effective against populations resistant to temephos, and of being very selective.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"http://ij-entomology.online/ojs/public/journals/1/archives/IJE-1989-kurtak-OCR.pdf","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Early Bti formulations were prohibitively expensive at high river discharges compared to chemical larvicides, but costs were reduced through manufacturer competition and improved formulations.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"It could only be used economically at discharges of 25 m3/sec and below. In the absence of other products, it was used at discharges of several hundred cubic meters per second, but at very great increases in cost (3-4 X) including using large helicopters costing $1000/hr tooperate. Since that time, active collaboration with the manufac turers (and competition between them!) has improved the product and reduced its price.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"http://ij-entomology.online/ojs/public/journals/1/archives/IJE-1989-kurtak-OCR.pdf","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"The primary drivers for switching to Bti were the development of resistance to chemical larvicides like temephos and the need for an environmentally selective product.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"B.t.i. has the advantages of being effective against populations resistant to temephos, and of being very selective.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"http://ij-entomology.online/ojs/public/journals/1/archives/IJE-1989-kurtak-OCR.pdf","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"The Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) used Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) as a larvicide, with annual usage volumes recorded in litres from 1981 to 1988.","geography":"West Africa","kind":"displacement","quote":"Table 3 Use of larvicides by OCP (lilies) 1975-1987 ... B.t.i. ... 1981 7,990 ... 1982 232,986 ... 1983 303,290 ... 1984 256,860 ... 1985 198,944 ... 1986 381,230 ... 1987 651,000 ... 1988 750,000","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"http://ij-entomology.online/ojs/public/journals/1/archives/IJE-1989-kurtak-OCR.pdf","substitution":"E01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e01/","value":"7,990 litres in 1981 to 750,000 litres in 1988","year":"1981-1988"},{"claim":"In Yogyakarta, Indonesia, the deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes led to an 83% reduction in the frequency of perifocal insecticide fogging applications by public health teams.","geography":"Yogyakarta, Indonesia","kind":"displacement","quote":"Deployments of wMel-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes resulted in an 83% reduction in the application of perifocal insecticide spraying, consistent with lower dengue case notifications in wMel-treated areas.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/12pfd4xgx3n","substitution":"E02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e02/","value":"83% reduction","year":"2016-2022"},{"claim":"The annual cost spent on insecticide fogging in Yogyakarta City was reduced by 39.6% following the deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes.","geography":"Yogyakarta, Indonesia","kind":"economics","quote":"The annual cost spent on insecticide fogging in Yogyakarta City was reduced by 39.6% from USD 79,914 in 2016–2017 (prior to wMel deployments into the AWED trial intervention areas) to USD 44,592 in 2018–2019 (after wMel establishment in the intervention areas).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/12pfd4xgx3n","substitution":"E02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e02/","value":"39.6% reduction in annual cost","year":"2016-2019"},{"claim":"Wolbachia deployment is increasingly recognized as an evidence-based innovation and integrated into national dengue control strategies, such as in Indonesia and Brazil.","geography":"Indonesia and Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"In 2021 the first National Strategic Plan for Dengue Control in Indonesia (2021–2025) was launched [32], which identified Wolbachia as an evidence-based innovation for dengue control in Indonesia.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/12pfd4xgx3n","substitution":"E02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e02/","value":"National Strategic Plan identification","year":"2021-2025"},{"claim":"Deployments of wMel-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Yogyakarta City resulted in an 83% reduction in the application of perifocal insecticide spraying.","geography":"Yogyakarta City, Indonesia","kind":"displacement","quote":"Deployments of wMel-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes resulted in an 83% reduction in the application of perifocal insecticide spraying, consistent with lower dengue case notifications in wMel-treated areas.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36700745/","substitution":"E02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e02/","value":"83% reduction","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In Medellin, Colombia, the number of properties treated with insecticides was 17 times lower in 2021 compared to 2020.","geography":"Medellin, Colombia","kind":"displacement","quote":"Interestingly, in Medellı´n it was noted that during 2021, the number of properties treated with insecticides was 17 times lower compared to 2020, due to operational issues and the low circulation of arboviruses in mosquitoes and the low incidence of dengue [51].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0011642\u0026type=printable","substitution":"E02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e02/","value":"17 times lower","year":"2021"},{"claim":"In a 12-year study (2002–2014) of oil-contaminated plots in the Komi Republic, bioremediation methods reduced soil oil content by 55–90%, compared to a 51% reduction in a control plot treated only by mechanical cleaning.","geography":"Komi Republic, Russia","kind":"performance","quote":"The remediation methods applied on the experimental plots reduced the oil content of the soil by 55–90% and allowed the development of productive plant communities. ... By 2014, the total oil reduction in the control plot was 51%, which was only slightly lower than some biopreparations.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84226-5","substitution":"E03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e03/","value":"55–90% reduction vs 51% control","year":"2002–2014"},{"claim":"In a 15-month experiment in the Murmansk region, sorption-biological purification reduced petroleum product content in soil by 65%, compared to 47% for biostimulation and 45% for bioaugmentation.","geography":"Murmansk region, Russia","kind":"performance","quote":"It turned out that during the 15 months of the experiment, biostimulation reduced the amount of petroleum products in the soil by 47%, the introduction of petroleum-degrading microorganisms reduced it by 45%. Sorption-biological purification using peat and activated carbon turned out to be the most effective. It allowed reducing the content of petroleum products in the soil by 65%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://eng.rudn.ru/science/newsletter/2022/3-2/biologists-propose-the-most-effective-method-to-clean-the-northern-soils-from-petroleum-products-1/","substitution":"E03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e03/","value":"65% reduction","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Research indicates that using a liquid anti-icer supplemented with an organic additive like beet juice can reduce chloride application to parking lots by an average of 32% compared to a simple sodium chloride product.","geography":"Canada","kind":"performance","quote":"Additionally, this research finds that using a liquid anti-icer supplemented with an organic (in this case, beet juice) additive can further reduce chloride application, on average by 32 % over a simple sodium chloride product.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/hj63rhr5rbs","substitution":"E04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e04/","value":"32% reduction in chloride application","year":"2026"},{"claim":"A core-shell structured deicer using beetroot juice can reduce salt usage by 35% under mild winter road conditions in small-scale field tests.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"Preliminary data indicates that the method developed in this research effectively de-ices and can reduce salt usage by 35% under mild winter road conditions, offering a more eco-friendly and cost-effective deicing solution.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/0yj7mh0y2cm","substitution":"E04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e04/","value":"35% reduction in salt usage","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Alternative deicers like potassium acetate are more expensive than traditional chloride salts, with costs of $600-$1200/ton compared to $30-$100/ton for NaCl.","geography":"United States","kind":"economics","quote":"The cost is much higher than chlorides, with a cost of $30-$100/ton for NaCl and $600-$1200/ton for KAc (Fay et al., 2015).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstreams/45e6cdb8-fc49-4c2c-8c74-53798ffe1197/download","substitution":"E04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e04/","value":"$30-$100/ton for NaCl and $600-$1200/ton for KAc","year":"2015"},{"claim":"Almost half of the transportation agencies responding to a survey indicated they use non-chloride deicing products, with the majority of those reporting the use of sugar beet-derived products blended with salt brine.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"Almost half of the agencies responding to the survey indicated they use non-chloride products. The majority reported using sugar beet-derived products, which are blended with salt brine.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.clearroads.org/download/report-brief-51/?tmstv=1703254009","substitution":"E04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e04/","value":"Almost half","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Among survey respondents with experience using non-chloride deicers, 47% indicated they have such experience, while 53% do not.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"Of the 32 survey respondents, 47% (n=15) indicated that they have experience using non-chloride deicers in their current position; whereas 53% (n=17) indicated they do not.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://mdl.mndot.gov/_flysystem/fedora/2023-01/trs1706.pdf","substitution":"E04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e04/","value":"47%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In a full-scale study in Turkey, constructed wetlands demonstrated superior removal efficiency for BOD5 and suspended solids compared to sequencing batch reactor package plants.","geography":"Turkey","kind":"performance","quote":"In this full-scale study, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) removal efficiency was 92% in CsW, and 85% in SBR, while suspended solid (SS) removal efficiency was 88% in CsW and 81% in SBR.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857424000144","substitution":"E05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e05/","value":"BOD5 removal efficiency was 92% in CsW, and 85% in SBR; SS removal efficiency was 88% in CsW and 81% in SBR","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Constructed wetlands offer lower operational costs and energy consumption compared to conventional sequencing batch reactor package plants over a 20-year period.","geography":"Turkey","kind":"economics","quote":"The investment and operating costs of CsW are 179,575–0.018 USD/cubic meters and 128,886–0.13 USD/cubic meters for SBR, respectively.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857424000144","substitution":"E05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e05/","value":"operating costs of 0.018 USD/cubic meters for CsW vs 0.13 USD/cubic meters for SBR","year":"2024"},{"claim":"A vertical flow constructed wetland outperformed chlorination disinfection in removing AOX and COD from hospital wastewater.","geography":"China","kind":"performance","quote":"The results of the experiment with VFCW showed that the mean removal efficiencies of AOX, COD, number of fecal coli-forms, NH3-N respectively were 73.3%, 82.8%, 99.7%, 68.6%, while the chlorination disinfection treatment experiment showed that the AOX of the effluent increased by 14.3% and the mean removal efficiency of COD of the effluent was only 53.3%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/b8jy81q0lk4","substitution":"E05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e05/","value":"AOX removal 73.3% (VFCW) vs -14.3% (chlorination); COD removal 82.8% (VFCW) vs 53.3% (chlorination)","year":"2009"},{"claim":"In Mexico, constructed wetlands represent 0.4% of the total installed hydraulic-load capacity for wastewater treatment.","geography":"Mexico","kind":"displacement","quote":"The hydraulic-load installed capacity reported for the CW-based systems is 1.7 m3/s that represents 0.4% of the wastewater produced in Mexico—Mexico produces around 443 m3/s of wastewater [187].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/6/1744","substitution":"E05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e05/","value":"0.4%","year":"2020 (publication year)"},{"claim":"Constructed wetlands in Latin America and the Caribbean are estimated to treat 0.22% of the total wastewater flow in the region.","geography":"Latin America and the Caribbean","kind":"displacement","quote":"Noyola et al. (2012) [18], estimated that CW in LAC are only used to treat 0.22% of the total wastewater flow in the region, while stabilization ponds, activated sludge, and the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, provide treatment to around 81% of the total flow.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/6/1744","substitution":"E05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e05/","value":"0.22%","year":"2012"},{"claim":"Reed-bed filters are used in more than 5,800 municipal wastewater treatment plants in France, representing a significant portion of the small-plant segment.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"Reed-bed filters are now used in more than 5,800 wastewater treatment plants in France.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.globalwettech.com/images/pdf/GWT_White_Paper_Resilience_through_Nature_France_with_photos_APPENDIX_Orhei.pdf","substitution":"E05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e05/","value":"\u003e5,800 plants","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In Minnesota, internal management strategies (including alum, carp management, and fish reclamation) were applied in 51 percent of the lakes delisted due to restoration activities, typically paired with watershed-level nutrient reduction practices.","geography":"Minnesota, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Internal management strategies were applied in 51 percent of the lakes delisted due to restoration activities and, with the exception of a few lakes, were paired with external/ watershed BMPs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nalms.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/44-1-4.pdf","substitution":"E06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e06/","value":"51 percent of the lakes delisted","year":"2002-2022"},{"claim":"Water managers prefer nutrient reduction as a preventative measure over chemical treatments, which are criticized as short-term fixes that do not address the source of the problem.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"While nutrient management is a long-term issue, it is preferred as a preventative method by key informants for HABs events as opposed to reactive treatment of a HABs event. This is because treatments are considered short-term fixes to an ongoing problem.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/freshwater-science/articles/10.3389/ffwsc.2024.1452344/full","substitution":"E06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e06/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Algicides like copper sulfate are considered fast-acting and cost-effective for immediate biomass eradication, whereas nutrient reduction and biomanipulation are long-term strategies that do not provide immediate results.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The most common way to suppress cyanobacterial biomass is by using algicides (Jančula and Maršálek, 2011) . They are viewed as a relatively fast and cost-effectively way of eradicating cyanobacteria for which an arsenal of compounds exists such as copper-based algicides, oxidants (hydrogen peroxide), herbicides, and antibiotics","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/4tqcwvw7y4c","substitution":"E06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e06/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"In 2024, biological algaecide products account for an estimated 19% of the total market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2024, biological products account for an estimated 19% of the total market — and that share is climbing, especially in Europe and select parts of Asia.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.strategicmarketresearch.com/market-report/algaecides-market","substitution":"E06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e06/","value":"19%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Internal management strategies (such as alum treatments and fish management) were applied in 51 percent of the lakes delisted due to restoration activities in Minnesota.","geography":"Minnesota, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Internal management strategies were applied in 51 percent of the lakes delisted due to restoration activities and, with the exception of a few lakes, were paired with external/ watershed BMPs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nalms.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/44-1-4.pdf","substitution":"E06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e06/","value":"51%","year":"20 years of delistings (up to 2024)"},{"claim":"In South Africa, the biological control of Azolla filiculoides using the weevil Stenopelmus rufinasus reduced the weed population to the point where it was no longer considered a problem within three years.","geography":"South Africa","kind":"performance","quote":"Within three years, the weevil reduced the weed population to the point where it was no longer considered a problem in South Africa.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://bugwoodcloud.org/ibiocontrol/proceedings/pdf/11_576-583.pdf","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"no longer considered a problem","year":"1997-2000"},{"claim":"The unintended widescale naturalisation of Stenopelmus rufinasus on Azolla filiculoides in South Africa resulted in a reduction in management expenditure of approximately 90%.","geography":"South Africa","kind":"economics","quote":"The management cost savings resulting from the unintended widescale naturalisation of S. rufinasus on A. filiculoides are estimated to range from £7.7 to £15.3 million (US$8.6 to 17.1 million) per year, a reduction in expenditure of approximately 90%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43170-022-00136-0","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"90%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"A biological control program using the weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae in Uganda resulted in an 89% reduction in surface weed coverage of Kariba weed.","geography":"Uganda","kind":"performance","quote":"Respondents reported an 89% reduction in surface weed coverage and a 40% decline in health-related challenges.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/8rxhypffg62","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"89%","year":"2017-2021"},{"claim":"In Great Britain, the use of Stenopelmus rufinasus to manage Azolla filiculoides on waterways reduced management costs from £37,800 per year to a one-time release cost of £2,100.","geography":"Great Britain","kind":"economics","quote":"A comparative analysis of costs expected under a mechanical removal management regime for this extent of A. filiculoides was made and would require four weeks of removal by boat at a total cost of £12,600. This would likely need to be carried out up to three times annually and repeated year on year in the absence of S. rufinasus at a total cost of £37,800 per year. ... Weevils to the value of £2100 were released in 2021 and after 8 weeks 58% of sites showed either complete or near complete control of A. filiculoides.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43170-022-00136-0","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"£37,800 to £2,100","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"Biological control using Neochetina weevils resulted in a reduction of over 95% of water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria.","geography":"Lake Victoria (Kenya)","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biological control has resulted in a reduction of over 95% of water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/hw1tzj8lh9f","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"over 95%","year":"1997-2005"},{"claim":"Weevil damage was held primarily responsible for the reduction of water hyacinth cover by up to 80% from the peak infestation in 1998.","geography":"Lake Victoria (Kenya)","kind":"displacement","quote":"Weevil damage has been held primarily responsible for the reduction of the weed cover by up to 80%, from the peak infestation of 6000 ha in 1998 (Synoptics, Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, The Netherlands).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Ochiel2001Eischhornia.pdf","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"up to 80%","year":"1998-1999"},{"claim":"The salvinia weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae achieved up to 95% reduction in cover or biomass of Salvinia molesta.","geography":"global (tropical countries)","kind":"displacement","quote":"The success of the salvinia weevil C. salviniae is a contemporary classic for biological control of weeds because of the extraordinarily rapid (one to five years) and high level (up to 95 % reduction in cover or biomass) control of salvinia.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://csiropedia.csiro.au/salvinia-biocontrol/","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"up to 95%","year":"1980-2012"},{"claim":"In tropical areas, the level of control of Salvinia molesta by Cyrtobagous salviniae was more than 99% after a year.","geography":"global (tropical areas)","kind":"displacement","quote":"Level of control in tropical areas was more than 99% after a year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.se-eppc.org/2005/5.Biocontrol,What%20isUnderwayCenter.pdf","substitution":"E07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e07/","value":"more than 99%","year":"1980s-2005"},{"claim":"The parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita has been marketed as a biological control agent (Nemaslug) since 1994 and is used in 15 European countries, though it has not displaced metaldehyde at a national agricultural scale.","geography":"Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (strain DMG0001) is sold in 15 different European countries34and has been on the market since 1994; it also is available as a product called SlugTech® sold by Dudutech (Naivasha, Kenya;www.dudutech.com/products/slugtech-sp/).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.7636","substitution":"E08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e08/","value":"marketed since 1994","year":"1994-2023"},{"claim":"Field trials have shown that nematodes can provide slug damage reduction comparable to metaldehyde in certain horticultural crops.","geography":"Spain","kind":"performance","quote":"At harvest, 6 weeks after planting, the mean weight of the lettuce heads and the number of marketable heads in the nematode plots were as good as in the metaldehyde plots, and both treatments were significantly better than the untreated plots.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/7ycd8qy7dcv","substitution":"E08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e08/","value":"as good as in the metaldehyde plots","year":"1999"},{"claim":"The high cost of nematode production and application (approx. GBP 110/ha) is a significant barrier to their use in arable crops.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"First, the nematode is not economically feasible for application in arable crops, due to several barriers such as high production and application costs (approx. GBP 110/ha).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/15219/1/Barua%20et%20al%202021.pdf","substitution":"E08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e08/","value":"approx. GBP 110/ha","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The UK government banned the outdoor use of metaldehyde from 1 April 2022 due to environmental concerns, which has driven the search for alternatives.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"From 1 April 2022, it will be illegal to sell and use metaldehyde products.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://horticulture.ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/chemical-and-biological-control-of-slugs","substitution":"E08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e08/","value":"1 April 2022","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The UK's phase-out of metaldehyde-based products, completed in January 2022, affected approximately 45% of the historical molluscicide market and redirected substantial volume toward iron phosphate solutions.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"The United Kingdom's phase out of metaldehyde based products, completed in January 2022, affected approximately 45% of the historical molluscicide market and redirected substantial volume toward iron phosphate solutions.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/iron-phosphate-molluscicide-market","substitution":"E08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e08/","value":"45%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Adoption rates of iron phosphate molluscicides increased by 42% in the UK between 2022 and 2025.","geography":"UK","kind":"driver","quote":"The United Kingdom's ban on metaldehyde molluscicides, which commenced in 2020, redirected considerable demand toward iron phosphate solutions, with adoption rates increasing by 42% between 2022 and 2025.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/iron-phosphate-molluscicide-market","substitution":"E08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e08/","value":"42%","year":"2022-2025"},{"claim":"The Loi Labbé of 2014 prohibited the use of synthetic phytopharmaceutical products, including glyphosate, by public entities in public spaces starting January 1, 2017, and for private individuals starting January 1, 2019.","geography":"France","kind":"driver","quote":"La Loi Labbé du 6 février 2014 encadre l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques sur l’ensemble du territoire national. Depuis le 1er janvier 2017, elle interdit de nombreux usages de produits phytopharmaceutiques à l’ensemble des personnes publiques (l’État, les collectivités territoriales et leurs regroupements, les établissements publics). ... Pour les particuliers, cette interdiction est effective depuis le 1er janvier 2019.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.notre-environnement.gouv.fr/themes/sante/la-pollution-des-sols-ressources/article/les-quantites-de-glyphosate-vendues-en-france","substitution":"E09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e09/","value":"100% of public and private garden/urban use (excluding specific exemptions)","year":"2017-2019"},{"claim":"Following the implementation of the Loi Labbé, sales of glyphosate products authorized for garden use (EAJ) decreased by 84% between 2013 and 2019.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"Après un pic en 2013, les ventes de produits référencés EAJ ont diminué de 84 % entre 2013 et 2019, la baisse s’accélérant entre 2018 et 2019 à la suite de l’interdiction de l’utilisation par les particuliers de produits phytosanitaires, hors produits de biocontrôle, à compter du 1 er janvier 2019 (loi « Labbé » de 2014 et loi « Pothier » de 2017).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2021-05/datalab_essentiel_247_plan_de_reduction_des_produits_phytopharmaceutiques_et_de_sortie_du_glyphosate_etat_des_lieux_des_ventes_et_des_achats_en_france_en_2019_juin2021.pdf","substitution":"E09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e09/","value":"84% reduction in EAJ product sales","year":"2013-2019"},{"claim":"In experimental trials for poplar plantations, a bio-control product (Desherb'nat) showed efficacy in 'burning' vegetation, though it was less durable than glyphosate and more expensive due to higher required doses.","geography":"France","kind":"performance","quote":"Le produit de biocontrôle Desherb’nat présente une certaine efficacité en « grillant » la végétation, mais l’effet est peu durable dans le temps. ... Il est cependant possible de constater que le Desherb’nat est sensiblement plus cher que le glyphosate, car la dose utilisée est plus importante.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.peupliersdefrance.org/uploads/uploads-FR/DocumentsTechniques/2023_PIF_alternative_glyphosate_peuplier_Berthelot.pdf","substitution":"E09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e09/","value":"less durable effect, higher cost/dose","year":"2021-2023"},{"claim":"Annual monitoring of water resource recovery facilities from 2012 to 2017 demonstrated a 71% decrease in triclosan and a 72% decrease in triclocarban in per capita influent loading, suggesting the FDA rule was effective in manufacturers removing these ingredients.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Annual monitoring of 11 PPCPs from 2012 to 2017 demonstrated a 71% decrease in triclosan and 72% decrease in triclocarban in per capita influent loading into seven WRRFs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://mwrd.org/sites/default/files/documents/WEF_ReductioninTriclosan_Research.pdf","substitution":"E10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e10/","value":"71% decrease in triclosan and 72% decrease in triclocarban","year":"2012-2017"},{"claim":"The FDA banned 19 active ingredients, including triclosan and triclocarban, in consumer antiseptic washes because they were not shown to be more effective than plain soap and water.","geography":"United States","kind":"driver","quote":"The final rule requires all consumer washes containing any antiseptic active ingredient to provide a clinically meaningful benefit over non-antibacterial soap and water.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fda.gov/media/100063/download","substitution":"E10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e10/","value":"19 active ingredients","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Annual monitoring of influent loading into seven water resource recovery facilities in the U.S. demonstrated a 71% decrease in triclosan and a 72% decrease in triclocarban between 2012 and 2017.","geography":"U.S.","kind":"displacement","quote":"Annual monitoring of 11 PPCPs from 2012 to 2017 demonstrated a 71% decrease in triclosan and 72% decrease in triclocarban in per capita influent loading into seven WRRFs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://mwrd.org/sites/default/files/documents/WEF_ReductioninTriclosan_Research.pdf","substitution":"E10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e10/","value":"71% decrease in triclosan and 72% decrease in triclocarban","year":"2012-2017"},{"claim":"Mean concentrations of triclosan and triclocarban in biosolids at seven U.S. water resource recovery facilities decreased by 70% and 80% respectively from 2012 to 2017.","geography":"U.S.","kind":"displacement","quote":"From 2012 to 2017, the mean triclosan concentration in MWRDGC’s biosolids decreased by 70% from 8,119 to 2,408 μg/kg (Figure 3) and the mean triclocarban concentra tion decreased by 80% from 13,363 to 2,730 μg/kg (Figure 4).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://mwrd.org/sites/default/files/documents/WEF_ReductioninTriclosan_Research.pdf","substitution":"E10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e10/","value":"70% decrease in triclosan and 80% decrease in triclocarban","year":"2012-2017"},{"claim":"Triclosan and triclocarban-containing products accounted for 4.2% of all hand sanitizer products surveyed in Wuhan, China, in 2023.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"Triclosan (TCS)/triclocarban (TCC)-containing products accounted for 4.2% of all the included products and 8.3% of alcohol-free products; their recognized alternatives BAC/benzethonium chloride/CX had replaced the role of TCS/TCC in hand sanitization, especially in liquid hand rubs, antiseptic hand wipes, and liquid soaps.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/shfbps7c354","substitution":"E10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e10/","value":"4.2%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Antibacterial hand soap constitutes 15-20% of the EU liquid hand soap market volume, with expectations to fall below 10% by the mid-2030s.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"Antibacterial hand soap constitutes 15–20% of volume, but growth is constrained by the EU Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR)... The antibacterial segment is expected to plateau or decline as regulatory costs and consumer distrust suppress demand, falling below 10% volume share by mid-2030s.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/european-union-kw-liquid-hand-soap-840-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"E10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e10/","value":"15-20% of volume","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Global production of modified wood reached approximately 1,608,000 m³ annually, primarily from thermal modification methods.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Global production of modified wood reached approximately 1,608,000 m³ annually, primarily from thermal modification methods.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75723264/A_Review_of_Wood_Modification_Globally_Updated_Findings_from_COST_FP1407","substitution":"E11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/","value":"1,608,000 m³","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"The thermally modified wood market has experienced a 6.8% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2025 to 2034, driven by its chemical-free approach as an alternative to CCA and other toxic preservatives.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"This chemical-free approach has driven the market's 6.8% CAGR from 2025 to 2034.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/thermally-modified-wood-market","substitution":"E11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/","value":"6.8% CAGR","year":"2025-2034"},{"claim":"Thermally modified wood panels are priced at a premium compared to untreated kiln-dried softwood and many pressure-treated alternatives, justified by lower maintenance and longer service life.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Prices are typically quoted at a significant multiplier over the cost of standard, untreated kiln-dried softwood panels of the same dimension.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/european-union-thermally-modified-wood-panel-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"E11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/","value":"significant multiplier","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The switch to modified wood is driven by regulatory restrictions on toxic preservatives like CCA and creosote, as well as consumer demand for sustainable, non-toxic building materials.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Global regulatory frameworks increasingly mandate the use of sustainably-sourced, non-toxic building materials, positioning thermally modified wood as a preferred choice.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/thermally-modified-wood-market","substitution":"E11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/","value":"regulatory frameworks and consumer demand","year":"2025-2026"},{"claim":"In 2025, thermally modified wood accounted for 57.52% of the modified wood market, while acetylated wood represented 17.04% and other types captured 25.44%.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"In 2025, Thermally Modified Wood accounted for 57.52% of the market, equal to USD 310.63 Million. Acetylated Wood represented 17.04% (USD 92.02 Million) and Other Types captured the remaining 25.44% (USD 137.35 Million), collectively totaling the full market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pmarketresearch.com/worldwide-modified-wood-market-research/","substitution":"E11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/","value":"57.52% thermally modified, 17.04% acetylated, 25.44% other","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Global commercial production of modified wood is dominated by thermal modification processes, which produce 1,110,000 m3/year, with acetylation accounting for 120,000 m3/year and furfurylation 45,000 m3/year.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Based on data gathered, the global commercial production of modified wood is dominated by thermal modification processes, which produce 1,110,000 m 3/year. Among the other commercialised processes, acetylation accounts for 120,000 m 3/year and furfurylation 45,000 m 3/year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2239/bb69cf98fc807cfb2383e938170fdc1e1cee.pdf","substitution":"E11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/","value":"1,110,000 m3/year thermal, 120,000 m3/year acetylation, 45,000 m3/year furfurylation","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Label changes for CCA were expected to result in a 70% to 80% reduction in the volume of CCA-treated wood for residential applications.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Overall, the label changes are expected to result in a 70% to 80% reduction in the volume of CCA-treated wood.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://fpl.fs.usda.gov/documnts/fplrp/fpl_rp618.pdf","substitution":"E11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e11/","value":"70% to 80% reduction","year":"2003"},{"claim":"The biological control agent Anagyrus lopezi successfully brought the cassava mealybug pest under control in 95% of all fields.","geography":"sub-Saharan Africa","kind":"displacement","quote":"decade, the biological control agent had spread to all the major mealybug infestations and had brought the pest under control in 95% of all the fields (Herren and Neuenschwander, 1991).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iaes.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/167.pdf","substitution":"E12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e12/","value":"95% of all the fields","year":"1991"},{"claim":"The presence of A. lopezi resulted in an increase in cassava yield by 2.5 t/ha.","geography":"Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire","kind":"performance","quote":"The presence of A. lopezi was thus translated into an increase in yield by 2.5 t/ha and this value was subsequently used by Norgaard (1988) to estimate the economic impact of this classical biological control.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iaes.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/5.impact_major-pest.pdf","substitution":"E12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e12/","value":"2.5 t/ha","year":"1988"},{"claim":"The benefit-cost ratios for the biological control of the cassava mealybug range from 94:1 to 800:1.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"In summary, the benefit-cost ratios of the biological control of cassava mealybug range from 94:1 (under very pessimistic assumptions) to 800:1 (under optimistic assumptions), showing the substantial net benefits of the biological control program.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iaes.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/5.impact_major-pest.pdf","substitution":"E12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e12/","value":"94:1 to 800:1","year":"2000-2001"},{"claim":"The switch to biological control was driven by the fact that insecticides were rarely used, often unavailable, too expensive for smallholders, and associated with health and environmental concerns.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"In reality, insecticides are rarely used because the chemicals and the equipment to spray insect pests are often not available or are too expensive for the smallholder to use, especially on crops such as cassava that are of low cash value (Neuenschwander 1993, 2004). Moreover, in view of the biodiversity losses and health side effects associated with pesticide use, this option has not gained popularity and concerns have been raised among those using it.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iaes.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/5.impact_major-pest.pdf","substitution":"E12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e12/","value":"","year":"1993-2004"},{"claim":"The biological control agent Anagyrus lopezi was released in about 150 sites in 20 countries and established in 26 African countries.","geography":"Africa","kind":"performance","quote":"From 1981 onward, A. lopezi was released in about 150 sites in 20 countries. ... During the Africa-wide Biological Control project, the neotropical parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was established in 26 African countries, causing a satisfactory reduction in the population density of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in most farmers' lields.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iaes.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/167.pdf","substitution":"E12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e12/","value":"26 African countries","year":"1981-2000"},{"claim":"The biological control program resulted in a benefit-cost ratio of about 200 to 740.","geography":"Africa","kind":"economics","quote":"A reasonable calculation considering compounded interest resulted in a benefit cost ratio of about 200 when cassava was costed at world market prices, and of about 370–740 when inter-African prices were considered.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iaes.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pdf/167.pdf","substitution":"E12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e12/","value":"200 to 740","year":"1974-2013"},{"claim":"Almost 90% of the original stands of Opuntia inermis and O. stricta were destroyed by 1934 through larval feeding by the Cactoblastis cactorum moth.","geography":"Queensland and northern New South Wales, Australia","kind":"displacement","quote":"Almost 90% of the original stands of O. inermis and O. stricta were destroyed by 1934 through larval feeding by this moth, supplemented by airborne, soft-rot bacteria for which the borers provided entrance wounds into infested plants.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://faculty.ucr.edu/%7Elegneref/biotact/ch-87.htm","substitution":"E13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e13/","value":"90%","year":"1934"},{"claim":"Chemical and mechanical clearing of the 30 million acres of densely infested land was estimated to cost £300,000,000, whereas the biological control program cost £168,600 over 19 years.","geography":"Queensland, Australia","kind":"economics","quote":"In economic terms, the work of the Prickly Pear Board over 19 years in researching, breeding and releasing cactoblastis eggs was carried out at a total cost of £168,600. At an average cost of £10 an acre over the densely infected land (30,000,000 acres), chemical and mechanical clearing would have cost £300,000,000.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/prickly-pear","substitution":"E13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e13/","value":"£168,600 vs £300,000,000","year":"1920-1939"},{"claim":"The loss of millions of hectares of prime agricultural land to prickly pear provided the primary motivation for the joint federal-state biological control program.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The loss of millions of hectares of prime agricultural land to prickly pear provided powerful motivation to find a solution.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Case-study-Prickly-pear.pdf","substitution":"E13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e13/","value":"loss of millions of hectares of prime agricultural land","year":"1920s"},{"claim":"Before the release of Cactoblastis cactorum, prickly pear had overtaken 60 million acres (24.3 million hectares) of land in New South Wales and Queensland.","geography":"New South Wales and Queensland","kind":"displacement","quote":"Before their release, prickly pear had overtaken 60 million acres (24.3 million hectares) of land in New South Wales and Queensland, making it unusable.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/prickly-pear-eradication","substitution":"E13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e13/","value":"60 million acres (24.3 million hectares)","year":"pre-1926"},{"claim":"Within ten years of the first release, the moth had cleared prickly pear from over 11 million hectares.","geography":"Queensland","kind":"displacement","quote":"Within ten years, the moth had cleared prickly pear from over 11 million hectares, creating the opportunity for some great 'before and after' photographs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/scienceshow/the-cactoblastis-moth/3401768","substitution":"E13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e13/","value":"11 million hectares","year":"1925-1935"},{"claim":"In the Valencian Community, Spain, the implementation of an area-wide integrated pest management programme using SIT as the primary method resulted in a reduction of more than 90% in the use of insecticides by aerial means.","geography":"Valencian Community, Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"As a result, there has been a reduction of more than 90% in the use of insecticides by aerial means to control C. capitata, as well as a growth trend in exports of citrus and fresh fruits from the Valencian Community in recent years.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/415","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"more than 90% reduction in aerial insecticide use","year":"2007-2021"},{"claim":"In the Hex River Valley, South Africa, replacing insecticide applications with SIT reduced control costs from USD 350,000/year to USD 130,000/year.","geography":"Hex River Valley, South Africa","kind":"economics","quote":"By replacing insecticide applications with a combination of aerial and ground releases of sterile male flies at hot spots, the reduction in control costs was substantial, from USD 350 000/year with chemical control to USD 130 000/year with the SIT.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l4dcvc6n4md","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"USD 350,000/year to USD 130,000/year","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"The preventive SIT approach in California and Florida costs approximately USD 13 million annually, compared to the reactive insecticide-bait approach which had a direct average cost of approximately USD 33 million a year.","geography":"California and Florida, USA","kind":"economics","quote":"The reactive insecticide-bait approach in California had a direct average cost of approximately US$33 million a year which included the insecticide and labour costs, but mainly represented market losses due to quarantine restrictions. Whereas the preventive SIT approach, with an overall cost of approximately US$13 million annually.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Newsletters/ipc-100.pdf","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"USD 33 million/year to USD 13 million/year","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"The shift to SIT in the Valencian Community was driven by the need to minimize insecticide use, comply with environmental directives, and address insecticide resistance in fruit fly populations.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"In line with the trend in recent years to minimize the use of insecticides and promote environment-friendly techniques, in 2007 the Department of Agriculture of Valencia implemented an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme for the suppression of C. capitata, in which the sterile insect technique (SIT) is the primary method of application integrated with other suppression methods.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/415","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"minimize insecticide use and promote environment-friendly techniques","year":"2007"},{"claim":"The California Preventive Release Program covers approximately 1,750 square miles.","geography":"California, USA","kind":"driver","quote":"The PRP utilizes sterile insect technique (SIT), an environmentally friendly pest management approach that functions as a form of biological ‘birth control.’ Sterile male Medflies are released year-round at a weekly rate of 62,500 to 125,000 flies per square mile throughout portions of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, covering approximately 1,750 square miles.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov/index.php/2026/08/05/how-30-years-of-prevention-cut-california-medfly-infestations-by-over-90/","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"1,750 square miles","year":"2026"},{"claim":"California Medfly infestations have declined by more than 90% since the Preventive Release Program began.","geography":"California, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since preventive releases began, infestations have declined by more than 90%, averaging fewer than one infestation per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://plantingseedsblog.cdfa.ca.gov/index.php/2026/08/05/how-30-years-of-prevention-cut-california-medfly-infestations-by-over-90/","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"90%","year":"1996-2026"},{"claim":"The sterile insect technique was used to eradicate medfly from approximately 1 million hectares of Chiapas, Mexico.","geography":"Mexico","kind":"displacement","quote":"Four years later, after releasing billions of sterilized flies, the medfly was proclaimed eradicated from approximately 1 millionhectares of Chiapas, a state on Mexico’s South Pacific Coast that borders Guatemala.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/at-mexico-guatemala-border-sterile-insect-technique-has-controlled-the-northward-march-of-medflies-since-1982","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"1 million hectares","year":"1982"},{"claim":"The Valencian Community SIT program covers more than 140,000 hectares.","geography":"Spain","kind":"driver","quote":"Upon reaching sexual maturity, 1-day prior sterilized flies are released by air over citrus target areas covering a total of more than 140,000 hectares.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/415","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"140,000 hectares","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The Valencian Community program reduced aerial insecticide spraying by more than 90%.","geography":"Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"As a result, there has been a reduction of more than 90% in the use of insecticides by aerial means to control C. capitata, as well as a growth trend in exports of citrus and fresh fruits from the Valencian Community in recent years.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/415","substitution":"E14","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/e14/","value":"90%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"In a study of biogas adopters in South Ethiopia, the adoption of biogas technology reduced the consumption of firewood by 66%, charcoal by 72%, dung cakes by 68%, and crop residues by 89%.","geography":"South Ethiopia","kind":"displacement","quote":"Adoption reduced the consumption of firewood by 66%, charcoal by 72%, dung cakes by 68%, and crop residues by 89%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8837427/","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"66% firewood, 72% charcoal, 68% dung cakes, 89% crop residues","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"In Nandi County, Kenya, biogas users reduced firewood consumption by 2,366 kg/year per household and charcoal by 238 kg/year per household.","geography":"Nandi County, Kenya","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biogas users reduced firewood consumption by 2,366 kg/year per household, charcoal by 238 kg/year, with smaller reductions in LPG use.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ik.imagekit.io/x3ayae9ejg/files/Biogas_benefits_report_summary_Final_AijBzkpaVj.pdf","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"2,366 kg/year firewood, 238 kg/year charcoal","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Biogas solutions can provide 60–80% savings in fuel expenses and fuelwood collection times.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Biogas solutions contribute to fuel and time savings compared to other cooking technologies and fuel sources, including 60–80% savings in fuel expenses and fuelwood collection times (Putti et al., 2015).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/Dec/IRENA_Biogas_for_domestic_cooking_2017.pdf","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"60–80% savings","year":"2015"},{"claim":"In emerging market and developing economies, fuel switching from oil accounts for roughly 40% of biomethane demand growth to 2035, followed by coal displacement in the power sector (33%) and natural gas displacement in buildings (9%).","geography":"global (emerging market and developing economies)","kind":"driver","quote":"In emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), fuel switching from oil accounts for roughly 40% of biomethane demand growth to 2035, followed by coal displacement in the power sector (33%) and natural gas displacement in buildings (9%).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/outlook-for-biogas-and-biomethane/biogas-and-biomethane-outlook-to-2050","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"40% oil, 33% coal, 9% natural gas","year":"to 2035"},{"claim":"In 2023, the share of biomethane in the Danish gas system reached almost 40%.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2023 the share of biomethane in the Danish gas system reached almost 40 pct. and by 2030 Danish gas consumption is expected to be 100 pct. green.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://ens.dk/en/energy-sources/biogas-denmark","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"40%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Denmark has the highest share of biogases in overall gas demand, with a 40% share in 2024.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"displacement","quote":"Denmark has the highest share of biogases in overall gas demand, with a 40% share in 2024.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/5b757571-c8d0-464f-baad-bc30ec5ff46e/OutlookforBiogasandBiomethane.pdf","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"40%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In 2025, biomethane production in Germany corresponded to 1.9% of total natural gas consumption.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"This corresponds to 1.9% of total natural gas consumption in Germany and around 6.3% of natural gas consumption for heating privately owned homes.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://www.biogas.org/fileadmin/redaktion/dokumente/presse/branchenzahlen/2025_Market_figures_eng.pdf","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"1.9%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The number of household biodigesters in China began to fall from 2016, with around 30 million units no longer operational by 2023.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"For example, in China, the number of digesters began to fall from 2016; around 30 million units are no longer operational, and the number installed in 2023 was almost back to the 2000 level.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/5b757571-c8d0-464f-baad-bc30ec5ff46e/OutlookforBiogasandBiomethane.pdf","substitution":"EN01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en01/","value":"30 million units","year":"2016-2023"},{"claim":"In response to the 2005 Energy Policy Act, which removed the oxygenate requirement for reformulated gasoline, refiners made a wholesale switch from MTBE to ethanol.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2005, Congress passed the Energy Policy Act that removed the oxygenate requirement for reformulated gasoline (RFG). At the same time, Congress also instituted a renewable fuel standard. In response, refiners made a wholesale switch removing MTBE and blending fuel with ethanol.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://archive.epa.gov/mtbe/web/html/gas.html","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"MTBE has not been used in significant quantities in RFG areas since 2005.","year":"2005-2006"},{"claim":"The octane value of ethanol allowed refineries to transition from producing 87 octane blendstocks to cheaper 84 octane blendstocks.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"The octane value of ethanol allowed refineries to transition from producing 87 octane BOBs to cheaper 84 octane BOBs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/3f5lhkv4dj2","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"87 octane to 84 octane BOBs","year":"2002-2019"},{"claim":"Ethanol is more economical to blend than petroleum-based alternatives like alkylate, reformate, and isomerate, even when crude oil prices are low, because of its high octane value.","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"Despite the large, sudden drop in crude oil prices, it was still generally more economical to blend ethanol than to replace it with any of the other petroleum-based alternatives, such as alkylate, reformate and isomerate.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1016A3T.TXT","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"ethanol's high-octane value of about 115 vs alkylate in the low to mid-90s","year":"2016"},{"claim":"The switch from MTBE to ethanol was driven by state bans due to water contamination, fears of liability, and the passage of the Renewable Fuel Standard.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"With State bans, continued fears of liability, and the passage of the RFS, MTBE use was eliminated in the United States by 2006, and E10 soon became the most common motor fuel in the United States.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/EthanolExamination102015.pdf","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"eliminated by 2006","year":"2006"},{"claim":"In 2024, hydrous ethanol demand reached 23.6 billion liters, while gasoline type C consumption was 44.6 billion liters.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The hydrous ethanol demand grew approximately 30%, reaching 23.6 billion liters, while gasoline type C consumption fell by 4%, totaling 44.6 billion liters.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-en/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-276/Executive_Sumary_Biofuels_Current_Outlook-Year_2024.pdf","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"23.6 billion liters of hydrous ethanol vs 44.6 billion liters of gasoline type C","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Consumers choose between E100 and gasoline C based on a 70 percent price ratio, as ethanol has approximately 36 percent lower energy content than pure fossil gasoline.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Consumers’ decision to use E100 or gasoline C in vehicles is mainly driven by the 70 percent ratio between E100 and gasoline C prices. ... The calculation refers to the energy content of each fuel, in which ethanol’s energy content is approximately 36 percent lower than pure fossil gasoline (gasoline A).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels+Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_BR2026-0034.pdf","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"36% lower energy content","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The decision to increase the mandatory ethanol blend in gasoline was driven by international geopolitical pressures to reduce gasoline import volumes and costs.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"According to experts, international geopolitical pressures drove CNPE to raise the ethanol blend, aiming to lower gasoline import volumes and costs while reducing external dependence.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels+Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_BR2026-0034.pdf","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"reduce gasoline import volumes and costs","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In 2025, flex-fuel vehicles accounted for 74.3% of new light vehicle registrations in Brazil.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"Gasoline-powered vehicles represented 4.5, while flex-fuel vehicles remained the dominant category with a 74.3% share of registrations, despite a 3.5 percentage point drop in sales .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-987/Executive_Sumary_Biofuels_Current_Outlook-Year_2025.pdf","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"74.3%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In February 2024, hydrous ethanol reached a maximum market share of 34.1% of the total volume of fuel sold (gasoline C and hydrous ethanol).","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"A participação das vendas do biocombustível em relação ao volume total de combustível comercializado (gasolina C e etanol hidratado) aumentou, em média, 10% no primeiro semestre do ano, atingindo um máximo de 34,1% em fevereiro de 2024, como ilustrado no Gráfico 1.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.gov.br/anp/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins-anp/arquivos-boletim-trimestral-do-mercado-de-combustiveis/boletim-trimestral-2.pdf","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"34.1%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"As of 2024, flex-fuel technology represented 85% of the total Brazilian fleet of Otto cycle light vehicles.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"In 2024, Brazilian fleet of Otto cycle light vehicles remained stable at 37 million units, with flex fuel technology representing 85% of the total.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epe.gov.br/sites-en/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-276/Executive_Sumary_Biofuels_Current_Outlook-Year_2024.pdf","substitution":"EN02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en02/","value":"85%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Renewable diesel consumption in the U.S. grew from 370 million gallons in 2015 to nearly 3.7 billion gallons in 2024, and in January 2022, renewable diesel domestic use surpassed FAME biodiesel domestic use for the first time.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Consumption grew from 370 million gallons in 2015 to nearly 3.7 billion gallons in 2024 (EIA 2025l).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/3362642","substitution":"EN03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/","value":"3.7 billion gallons in 2024","year":"2015-2024"},{"claim":"Renewable diesel is chemically equivalent to petroleum diesel and can be blended at higher levels than biodiesel, allowing it to displace petroleum diesel without the blending ceilings associated with FAME biodiesel.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"The difference is that renewable diesel is produced using a hydrogen treatment which makes it chemically equivalent to petroleum diesel and can therefore be blended at higher levels and transported using existing pipelines.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/us-renewable-diesel-production-growth-drastically-impacts-global-feedstock-trade","substitution":"EN03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/","value":"chemically equivalent to petroleum diesel","year":"2023-2024"},{"claim":"Coprocessing biobased intermediates in existing petroleum refineries can reduce capital costs by 28–39% and operating costs by 10-13% compared to building freestanding biorefineries.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"For example, it has been reported that, with respect to CAPEX and OPEX, the capital costs can be reduced by 28–39% if coprocessing was adopted, while the OPEX can be reduced by 10-13% in three co-processing scenarios (Tanzil et al., 2021).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IEA-Bioenergy-Task-39-drop-in-biofuels-and-co-processing-report-June-2024.pdf","substitution":"EN03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/","value":"28–39% reduction in CAPEX and 10-13% reduction in OPEX","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The expansion of renewable diesel production and its displacement of petroleum diesel is primarily driven by federal and state policies, most notably the California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS).","geography":"United States","kind":"driver","quote":"While these federal laws are incentivizing the growth of biofuels, the real driver for renewable diesel expansion has been the California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/us-renewable-diesel-production-growth-drastically-impacts-global-feedstock-trade","substitution":"EN03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/","value":"California Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)","year":"2020-2023"},{"claim":"Brazil's biodiesel blend mandate increased from 14 percent to 15 percent on August 1, 2025.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"The biodiesel blend mandate into diesel increased from 14 percent to 15 percent on August 1 st, 2025, and total production is forecast at 9.8 billion liters, an increase of 8 percent compared with 2024.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels+Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_BR2025-0030","substitution":"EN03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/","value":"15%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Indonesia raised its biodiesel blending mandate from 40 percent (B40) to 50 percent (B50) in July 2026.","geography":"Indonesia","kind":"driver","quote":"In July 2026, the GOI raised the blending mandate from B40 to B50, with a three-month transition period.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Biofuels+Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_ID2026-0033.pdf","substitution":"EN03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/","value":"50%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Indonesia's diesel fuel imports decreased from 35% of total diesel fuel consumption in 2014 to 22% in 2018 following the implementation of biodiesel mandates.","geography":"Indonesia","kind":"displacement","quote":"At the same time, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) data shows that diesel fuel imports decreased from 35% of total diesel fuel consumption in 2014 to 22% in 2018.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.eria.org/uploads/Developing-Biofuel-Based-Road-Transport-Industry.pdf","substitution":"EN03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en03/","value":"35% to 22%","year":"2014-2018"},{"claim":"In Canada, renewable natural gas production made up 0.36% of the natural gas distributed in 2021.","geography":"Canada","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite making up just 0.36% of the natural gas distributed in Canada in 2021 Footnote 5, renewable natural gas (RNG) production has grown in recent decades.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"http://rec-cer.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2023/market-snapshot-two-decades-growth-renewable-natural-gas-canada.html","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"0.36%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Transit buses operating on compressed biomethane (CBM) exhibit 49–98% lower environmental impacts in seven out of ten impact categories compared to diesel buses.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"On the other hand, comparison with diesel buses shows that, using CBM as a fuel for operating buses reduces environmental impacts by 49–98% in seven out of ten impact categories.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/15/4190/pdf","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"49–98% lower environmental impacts","year":"2019"},{"claim":"Deloitte estimates that renewable natural gas from waste could displace around 4.4% of current total US fossil gas demand if all public and private landfills and wastewater plants captured biogas and upgraded to renewable natural gas production.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"At the national level, Deloitte estimates that renewable natural gas from waste could displace around 4.4% of current total US fossil gas demand, and 16.5% of core gas customer demand, and more than half the demand in the chemicals subsector—the industrial sector’s largest gas consumer— if all public and private landfills and wastewater plants captured biogas and upgraded to renewable natural gas production.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/insights/industry/renewable-energy/opportunity-for-waste-to-energy-renewable-natural-gas-partnership.html","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"4.4%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"State policies, such as California's mandatory renewable natural gas standard, are driving the market for renewable natural gas.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"Clean heat standards in two states could spur greater demand for renewable natural gas beyond transportation, as will the country’s first mandatory renewable natural gas standard established in California.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.deloitte.com/global/en/insights/industry/renewable-energy/opportunity-for-waste-to-energy-renewable-natural-gas-partnership.html","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"mandatory renewable natural gas standard","year":"2024"},{"claim":"There are 470 landfills in the United States that currently flare their gas that could be captured.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"In addition, 470 landfills currently flare their gas that could be captured.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://americanbiogascouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ABC-Biogas-in-America-2026-Report.pdf","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"470 landfills","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The number of biogas capture facilities upgrading to RNG in the U.S. increased 3-fold from 2020 to 2025.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"3X increase in RNG facilities: 2020 to 2025.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://americanbiogascouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ABC-Biogas-in-America-2026-Report.pdf","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"217 to 659 facilities","year":"2020-2025"},{"claim":"Of 300 landfills in California, 159 have a methane collection system, but only 87 use it for generation or pipeline injection, while the rest flare it or use it for onsite heating.","geography":"California, USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Of the 300 landfills in California, 159 have a methane collection system in place, but only 87 are listed as using methane for generation or pipeline injection or both. The remaining landfills with methane collection systems flare the collected methane or use it directly onsite for heating.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-08/CEC-200-2023-010.pdf","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"87 of 300 landfills","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Biomethane production in the United States has grown 2.2-fold since 2020.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Biomethane (also called renewable natural gas) production in the United States is at around 136 PJ. Its market is one of the most dynamic ones, accelerating since 2022 especially. ... United States is the largest producer of biomethane globally, growing 2.2-fold since 2020","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025/biogases","substitution":"EN04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en04/","value":"2.2-fold growth","year":"2020-2025"},{"claim":"In a cluster of small industries around New Delhi, about half of the 1,695 units have shifted to biomass, up from fewer than 15% in 2020, following a ban on coal burning.","geography":"New Delhi, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"The drive has pushed about half the 1,695 units in a cluster of small industries around one of the world's most polluted capitals to use biomass, regulators told Reuters, up from fewer than 15% counted in a 2020 study.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/indian-industry-turns-biomass-capital-bans-coal-pollution-fight-2023-01-24/","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"about half the 1,695 units... up from fewer than 15% counted in a 2020 study","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Biomass consumption in Indian thermal power plants increased by nearly 40 times in FY 2024–25 compared to FY 2021–22.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"The adoption of biomass pellets in TPPs has witnessed a significant surge in the country, with usage increasing by nearly 40 times in FY 2024–25 compared to FY 2021–22.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cseindia.org/content/downloadreports/12773","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"nearly 40 times","year":"2024–2025"},{"claim":"Substituting coal with biomass pellets at a rate of 10% is estimated to increase the cost of power production by 20 paisa per unit.","geography":"India","kind":"economics","quote":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research in its report “Ex-situ crop residue management options,” (July, 2021) finds that substituting coal with biomass pellets at a rate of ten per cent of the coal, will increase the cost of production by 20 paisa per unit of power.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cseindia.org/content/downloadreports/11666","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"20 paisa per unit","year":"2021"},{"claim":"New Delhi is enforcing a ban on coal burning to combat toxic winter smog, which is forcing industry to shift to biomass.","geography":"New Delhi, India","kind":"driver","quote":"A toxic smog engulfs India's capital every winter, as particles from bonfires of crop stubble and vehicle exhausts hang in the air, but New Delhi is enforcing a ban on coal burning from this month that is forcing industry to shift to biomass.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/indian-industry-turns-biomass-capital-bans-coal-pollution-fight-2023-01-24/","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"ban on coal burning","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In the UK, coal consumption dropped by 85% since 2013, with part of this reduction achieved through the conversion of existing coal power plants to biomass.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"However, since 2013, levels of coal have dropped dramatically (by 85%), in 2019 only representing a little over 3% of TES. Part of the reduction was through the conversion of existing coal power plants to biomass.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/CountryReport2024_UK_final.pdf","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"85%","year":"2013-2019"},{"claim":"Solid biomass currently represents 55% of the UK's bioenergy supply, with most of it used for power production in converted coal power plants.","geography":"UK","kind":"driver","quote":"Solid biomass use saw a strong growth in the past decade and currently represents 55% of bioenergy supply, most of it used for power production in converted coal power plants.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/CountryReport2024_UK_final.pdf","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"55%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Delhi NCR, India, not even one per cent of the coal used has been replaced with biomass in any of the coal thermal power plants.","geography":"Delhi NCR, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"Records show that not even one per cent of the coal used has been replaced with biomass in any of the coal thermal power plants in Delhi NCR.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cseindia.org/content/downloadreports/11666","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"less than 1%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The UK experienced a drop in industrial pellet demand of about 900,000 tonnes between 2022 and 2023.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"Going into detail, the drop in demand by Europe’s leading industrial pellet consumer – the UK – was about 900 000 tonnes between 2022 and 2023.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/solid-biofuels-barometer-2024/?tmstv=1734709640","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"900,000 tonnes","year":"2022-2023"},{"claim":"Brazil is the global leader in bagasse-based cogeneration, with installed capacity increasing from approximately 100 MW in 2000 to 12,425 MW in 2023.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Within the last two decades, installed capacity has increased from around 100 MW in 2000 to around 12,425 MW in 2023, according to data from the National Agency for Electric Energy (ANEEL).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.isosugar.org/content/memo/mecas_23_17_green_energy_from_sugar_crops_bagasse_based_cogeneration_biogas_and_biomethane_english.pdf","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"100 MW to 12,425 MW","year":"2000-2023"},{"claim":"Modern high-efficiency cogeneration systems can generate 100–140 kWh/tc, significantly outperforming traditional mills that typically supply only 10–20 kWh/tc.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"A typical traditional and low efficient sugar factory can produce 60 to 70 kWh/tc, but modern and more efficient sugar factories can generate between 100 and 130 kWh/tc operating at higher steam pressure of up to 88 bars [28].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/5749122","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"100-140 kWh/tc vs 10-20 kWh/tc","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Bagasse-based power plants are economically competitive because they lack fuel costs, whereas thermal power plants incur significant fuel costs.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"The advantage of bagasse power plants over the thermal power plants is that they do not have a fuel cost assuming bagasse is waste product or byproduct of sugar production process, but the thermal power plants have significant fuel costs that are passed directly to consumers in addition to the electricity or energy costs [81].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/5749122","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"no fuel cost vs significant fuel costs","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The reform of the Brazilian electricity sector, which allowed for the commercialization of surplus electricity, was a primary driver for the switch to high-efficiency cogeneration.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"This situation changed with the reform of the Brazilian Electricity Sector [16], [17], which created the necessary conditions for the commercialisation of surplus electricity in the national grid.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032112006946","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"reform of the Brazilian Electricity Sector","year":"2012"},{"claim":"In Brazil, 170 sugar mills currently export surplus bioelectricity to the grid.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Most of these plants produce bioelectricity for their own consumption (13.2TWh), but 170 of them currently export surplus bioelectricity to the network for consumers (19.4TWh), and the trend in coming years is to increase the export of bioelectricity surpluses.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148117304007","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"170 plants","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"In Brazil, 266 bagasse cogeneration plants were exporting electricity to the national grid in 2023.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Of the total 422 certified plants, 266 plants sell electricity to the national grid in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.isosugar.org/content/memo/mecas_23_17_green_energy_from_sugar_crops_bagasse_based_cogeneration_biogas_and_biomethane_english.pdf","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"266 plants","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Less than 10% of India's estimated potential for bagasse cogeneration has been exploited.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite its multiple purported benefits, and numerous domestic and international programs to support the technology, less than 10% of India's estimated potential for bagasse cogeneration has actually been exploited, while approximately 20% of the total potential is in the planning stages (WADE 2004 , MNES 2004).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/r4jyl279zv3","substitution":"EN05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en05/","value":"less than 10%","year":"2004"},{"claim":"In 2023, over 30% of heat for district heating systems globally was generated from solid bioenergy, with this share exceeding 50% in countries such as Denmark, Estonia, Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia, Austria, and Finland.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2023, over 30% of heat for district heating systems was generated from solid bioenergy; in some countries, this share exceeded 50% (e.g. Denmark, Estonia, Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia, Austria and Finland).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2025_Factsheet_Supply_Bioenergy.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"over 30%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The most important progress in renewable heat has been made in countries with important shares of district heating, particularly through the replacement of fossil fuels by biomass for centralised heat production.","geography":"Denmark, Sweden, Finland","kind":"driver","quote":"The most important progress in renewable heat has been made in countries with important shares of district heating (Denmark, Sweden, Finland), particularly through the replacement of fossil fuels by biomass for centralised heat production.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/CountriesReport2024_final.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"not applicable","year":"2024"},{"claim":"CO2 taxes on fossil fuels have been an important driver for industries and heat producers to move from fossil fuels to bioenergy.","geography":"Scandinavia","kind":"driver","quote":"Several countries (particularly in Scandinavia) have implemented a CO2 tax on fossil fuels which was an important driver for industries (and heat producers) to move from fossil fuels to bioenergy.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/CountriesReport2024_final.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"not applicable","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Biomass heating systems can contribute to lower energy costs for single and double family dwellings with moderate to low thermal efficiency in combination with high electricity prices.","geography":"EU","kind":"economics","quote":"The results show that biomass heating systems can contribute to lower energy costs of single and double family dwellings with a moderate to low thermal efficiency in combination with high electricity prices.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bioenergyeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Biomass-heating-in-widely-electrified-energy-systems_BEST.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"not applicable","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In Sweden, the share of fossil oil in district heating fuel use dropped from 90 percent in the late 1970s to two percent by 2014.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"At the end of the 1970s heating oil accounted for 90 percent of the fuel in district heat plants. By 2014, the share of fossil oil was only two percent of the total fuel use in district heating.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.svebio.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bioenergy_Swedish_experice_3rded_web.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"90% to 2%","year":"1970s-2014"},{"claim":"Biomass use in Swedish district heating grew from a couple of percent in the late 1970s to more than 70 percent in 2014.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biomass had taken oil’s place, growing from a couple of percent at the end of the 1970s to more than 70 percent in 2014.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.svebio.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bioenergy_Swedish_experice_3rded_web.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"a couple of percent to more than 70%","year":"1970s-2014"},{"claim":"In Sweden, the share of heat sales produced from biomass increased from 53% in 2000 to more than 70% currently.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"Heat output generated and sold by CHP plants and heat plants represents more than one third of fuel/heat provided, of which currently more than 70% is produced from biomass, a share which has increased steadily from 53% in 2000 at the expense of fossil fuels which now only represent 6.5% of heat sales.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CountryReport2021_Sweden_final.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"53% to 70%","year":"2000-2021"},{"claim":"In Finland, the 2023 district heat supply fuel mix included 29.6% forest fuelwood, 11.1% industrial wood residues, 8.0% coal, and 2.7% oil.","geography":"Finland","kind":"performance","quote":"Oil 2,7 % ... Coal 8,0 % ... Forest fuelwood 29,6 % ... Industrial wood residues 11,1 %","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://tavho.org/uploads/rendezvenyeink/2024%20Konfi/El%C5%91ad%C3%A1sok/02_JanneKertula_District%20heatingin%20Finland%202023.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"29.6% forest fuelwood, 11.1% industrial wood residues, 8.0% coal, 2.7% oil","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In Finland, the 2024 district heat fuel-based production mix included 58.5% wood and other bio, 7.3% coal, and 3.1% oil.","geography":"Finland","kind":"performance","quote":"Wood + other bio 58,5% ... Coal 7,3% ... Oil 3,1%","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://energia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/District_heating_2024_updated_20251202-1.pdf","substitution":"EN06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/en06/","value":"58.5% wood and other bio, 7.3% coal, 3.1% oil","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Biological nitrogen fixation using rhizobia has replaced synthetic nitrogen fertilizer (urea) on approximately 85% of the total soybean cropped area in Brazil as of the 2019–2020 season.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"In this same season, the soybean cropped area in Brazil using this technology reached around 85% of the total [30].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161447/","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"85% of the total soybean cropped area","year":"2019–2020 crop season"},{"claim":"On-farm production of bioinputs can reduce production costs by 58.6% compared to conventional management in soybean production.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"When comparing two harvests with conventional management with two other harvests in which bioinputs manufactured on the farm were applied, it was revealed that production costs were reduced by 58.6%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161447/","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"58.6%","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Economic simulations for on-farm microorganism multiplication units in the 2022/2023 season showed savings of 27% to 73% compared to conventional management depending on farm size.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"The results demonstrate that the savings generated by choosing On-Farm biological control compared to conventional management were approximately 73% for 1,000 ha, 63% for 500 ha, 70% for 200 ha, and 27% for 50 ha, considering only soybean cultivation in the season of implementing the multiplication unit.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/cm7w0v62ls5","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"27% to 73%","year":"2022/2023 season"},{"claim":"On-farm produced Bacillus thuringiensis at an aeration rate of 0.8 vvm showed insecticidal efficacy statistically similar to commercial products against Spodoptera frugiperda.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"The 0.8 vvm rate resulted in the greater production of spores and crystals, and statistically similar results to the commercial product for the control of S. frugiperda.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161447/","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"statistically similar results","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Regulatory changes, specifically Decree no 6,913 of 2009 and subsequent updates, which exempted on-farm bioinput production for own use from registration, have been a primary driver for the increase in on-farm biofactories.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"As a result of this regulatory change, there has been a significant increase in the production of bioinputs of microbiological origin on farms [43].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161447/","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"Decree no 6,913 of 2009","year":"2009 onwards"},{"claim":"The total area treated with bioinputs in Brazil reached 194 million hectares in 2025.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Área tratada total no país chega a 194 milhões de hectares","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://croplifebrasil.org/cropdata/publicacoes/arquivos/publicacoes/Boletim%20Trimestral%20-%2031.03.2026.pdf","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"194 million hectares","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Approximately 55% of agricultural producers in Brazil implement biocontrol techniques.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"Brazil is a global leader in adopting biocontrol techniques, with 55% of agricultural producers implementing them [5].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161447/","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"55%","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Approximately 61% of Brazilian farmers used products for biological control in 2024.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"In addition, approximately 61% of Brazilian farmers used products for biological control in 2024, making Brazil a global leader in the use of bio-inputs [10].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2624-7402/7/12/416","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"61%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In the 2019-2020 crop season, the soybean cropped area in Brazil using biological nitrogen fixation technology reached around 85% of the total.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"In this same season, the soybean cropped area in Brazil using this technology reached around 85% of the total [30].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161447/","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"85%","year":"2019-2020"},{"claim":"Replacing synthetic nitrogen fertilizer with biological nitrogen fixation in soybean crops generated savings of approximately USD 15.2 billion in the 2019–2020 crop season.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"It was estimated that replacing synthetic nitrogen fertilizer (urea) with biological nitrogen fixation generated a savings of approximately USD 15.2 billion in the 2019–2020 crop season.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13161447/","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"USD 15.2 billion","year":"2019–2020 crop season"},{"claim":"Bionematicides and inoculants are the only categories where farmers reported using biological products as substitutes for chemical ones.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Bionematicides, together with inoculants, were the only categories in which farmers reported using biological products as alternatives to chemical ones, particularly for preventive purposes, owing to their effectiveness in controlling juvenile and egg populations.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2624-7402/7/12/416","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"not applicable","year":"2024"},{"claim":"On-farm production of Bacillus thuringiensis at an aeration rate of 0.8 vvm resulted in insecticidal efficacy statistically similar to a commercial product.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"The LC50obtained with the 0.8 vvm rate was statistically similar to the commercial product based on theB. thuringiensissubsp.kurstakistrain HD-1 (Table 3).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/12/2776","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"statistically similar","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Brazil's biopesticide market reached US$690 million in the 2023/24 season, accounting for approximately 6% of the total agricultural pesticide market in the country.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"Data from Blink Consultancy 3 indicate that Brazil’s biopesticide market reached US$690 million in the 2023/24 season, accounting for approximately 6% of the total agricultural pesticide market in the country.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1574269/full","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"6%","year":"2023/24 season"},{"claim":"In India, biopesticides account for 4.2% of the country’s total pesticide market.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"In India, biopesticides account for just 4.2% of the country’s total pesticide market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/3/557","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"4.2%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Biopesticides comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite growing global interest, biopesticide use is limited compared to synthetic pesticides, as they comprise a small share (~10%) of the total crop protection market globally, with a value of about US$3 billion worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"~10%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In India, the consumption of chemical pesticides significantly decreased from 56,114 MT to 43,584 MT between 2014–2015 and 2018–2019.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"Meanwhile during the same time period, the consumption of chemical pesticides significantly decreased from 56,114 MT to 43,584 MT [37].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/3/557","substitution":"EQ01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq01/","value":"56,114 MT to 43,584 MT","year":"2014–2015 to 2018–2019"},{"claim":"The global succinic acid market reached a value of USD 181.91 million in 2024, with bio-succinic acid applications remaining limited to higher-value sectors like food and pharmaceuticals, though industrial applications are gaining share.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"According to Maximize Market Research (2024) [10], the global succinic acid market reached a value of USD 181.91 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7 % from 2025 to 2032, potentially reaching USD 305.62 million by the end of the forecast period. Despite this growth, BioSA applications have remained somewhat limited due to high raw material and production costs, with primary use in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, which offer higher added value.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12510067/","substitution":"EQ02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq02/","value":"USD 181.91 million in 2024","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In 2011, the bio-based share of the succinic acid market was only 3%.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Turning to historical trajectories, from 2011 onward, the succinic acid market began a large growth phase, and according to Weastra, production was $68.2 M in 2011, of which only 3 % was bio-based [74].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12510067/","substitution":"EQ02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq02/","value":"3%","year":"2011"},{"claim":"Petrochemical succinic acid prices ranged from $1.59–1.77/kg, while bio-succinic acid maintained an average premium of $2.94/kg in 2023.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Petrochemical SA prices ranged from $1.59–1.77/kg, while bio‑SA maintained an average premium of $2.94/kg in 2023 [64].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12510067/","substitution":"EQ02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq02/","value":"$1.59–1.77/kg vs $2.94/kg premium","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In the year 2013–2014, approximately 38,000 tons of succinic acid was produced through the biological process, which constituted around 49% of the total market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the year 2013–2014, approximately 38,000 tons of SA was produced through the biological process which constituted around 49% of the total market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s44316-024-00012-z","substitution":"EQ02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq02/","value":"49%","year":"2013–2014"},{"claim":"The bio-based succinic acid market represents 68% of total type volume in the food grade succinic acid market.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The Bio-based Succinic Acid Market represents 68% of total type volume, as food and beverage formulators replace petroleum-derived acidulants with fermentation-derived alternatives.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.datainsightsreports.com/reports/food-grade-succinic-acid-369399","substitution":"EQ02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq02/","value":"68%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Petroleum-based succinic acid volumes are contracting at a 1.5% CAGR.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Petroleum-based volumes are contracting at 1.5% CAGR due to sustainability mandates and volatile crude-linked pricing.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.datainsightsreports.com/reports/food-grade-succinic-acid-369399","substitution":"EQ02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq02/","value":"1.5% CAGR","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In the United States, anaerobic digestion is used to produce renewable natural gas (RNG) from various waste streams, though it currently captures only a small fraction of the total potential.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"For example, only 10% of collected landfill biogas is used for RNG production, while 53% is flared to reduce methane emissions, 28% is used for electricity generation, and 8% is used in direct heating applications (EPA 2023a).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/3362642","substitution":"EQ03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq03/","value":"10% of collected landfill biogas used for RNG production","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In Italy, municipal sewage sludge management is still dominated by conventional methods, with only a small portion of the market utilizing alternative recovery pathways.","geography":"Italy","kind":"displacement","quote":"Around 40% was applied to agricultural land, benefiting from its organic and nutrient content. Approximately 30% underwent incineration, while about 20% was disposed of in landfills. The remaining 10% was exported.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3442","substitution":"EQ03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq03/","value":"40% land application, 30% incineration, 20% landfill, 10% exported","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Environmental-mitigation financing tools and waste directives are identified as key drivers steering the market for advanced sludge treatment technologies in the EU.","geography":"EU member states","kind":"driver","quote":"At this stage, environmental-mitigation financing tools, ranging from EU Green Deal grants to carbon credit schemes, become decisive, converting refurbishment outlays into investments that deliver tangible returns: revenues from carbon credits, energy savings, lower sludge-disposal costs, and phosphorus recovery. The geographic distribution of plants confirms the trend: of the 14 commercial sites cataloged in a recent study (Figure 5), over 70% lie within EU member states, indicating that EU funding packages and waste directives are already steering the market.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3442","substitution":"EQ03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/eq03/","value":"","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In the Norwegian salmon farming industry, the introduction of preventive vaccination strategies led to a dramatic reduction in annual antibiotic use from approximately 50,000 kg in 1987 to less than 1,000–2,000 kg by 1997.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"This is particularly apparent in the Norwegian salmon farming industry; in 1987, approximately 50,000 kg of antibiotics were used annually, however, by 1997, following the introduction of preventive vaccination strategies, the quantity of antibiotics used annually dropped to less than 1000–2000 kg.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/raq.12786","substitution":"F01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f01/","value":"50,000 kg to \u003c1,000–2,000 kg","year":"1987–1997"},{"claim":"In Chile, despite the availability of numerous commercial vaccines, they have not effectively displaced prophylactic antibiotics because they fail to provide long-term protection against Piscirickettsia salmonis (SRS), the primary driver of antibiotic use.","geography":"Chile","kind":"displacement","quote":"Camanchaca CEO Ricardo Garcia said the biggest factor preventing the attainment of the antibiotic-reduction goal has been the failure of the industry to develop an effective vaccine for salmon rickettsial syndrome (SRS), which is the reason for 90 percent of antibiotic treatments in Chile.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.intvetvaccnet.co.uk/news/at-csarp-launch-chilean-salmon-industry-leaders-acknowledge-failure-to-develop-srs-vaccine-has","substitution":"F01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f01/","value":"no displacement at scale","year":"2000s–2024"},{"claim":"The Norwegian salmon industry shifted from chemical to a mix of biological and mechanical methods between 2012 and 2019, with chemical use dropping by 42% and biological treatment (cleaner fish) increasing by 158%.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"The average use of chemical, mechanical, and biological treatments changed drastically between the periods 2012–2015 and 2016–2019, with chemical use dropping by 42% and mechanical and biological increasing by 1068% and 158%, respectively (BarentsWatch,2020).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jiec.13118","substitution":"F02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f02/","value":"42% drop in chemical use; 158% increase in biological treatment","year":"2012–2019"},{"claim":"The deployment of cleaner fish in Norway increased dramatically from 2009 to 2017, peaking at 60.5 million fish in 2019.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"Then from 2009–2017, the use of cleanerfish in Norwegian aquaculture increased dramatically. In 2018, the number decreased somewhat from the previ ous year while they increased and peaked in 2019 at 60,565 (x1000).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0240894\u0026type=printable","substitution":"F02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f02/","value":"60,565,000 fish in 2019","year":"2019"},{"claim":"The industry switched to non-medicinal treatments and increased cleaner fish deployment primarily due to the evolution of resistance in salmon lice to chemical treatments.","geography":"Norway","kind":"driver","quote":"The industry then largely switched to non-medicinal treatments (Fig 4) and increased the deployment of cleanerfish (Fig 5), resulting in less selec tion pressure of medicinal compounds and a slight increase in sensitivity (Fig 3).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0240894\u0026type=printable","substitution":"F02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f02/","value":"","year":"mid-2010s"},{"claim":"Cleaner fish are considered among the next most cost-effective measures for sea lice management in Scotland, following skirts and in-feed medicines.","geography":"Scotland","kind":"economics","quote":"Cleaner fish, fresh or brackish water baths, the physical removal measures (thermolicer and hydrolicer) and medicinal baths were among the next most cost-effective measures, followed by hydrogen peroxide baths.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848623010487","substitution":"F02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f02/","value":"","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Malachite green was the standard treatment for saprolegniasis until it was banned internationally in 2002 due to its carcinogenic and toxicological effects.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Traditionally, saprolegniasis was controlled using Malachite green; however, this chemical was banned in 2002 due to its carcinogenic and toxicological effects.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4814142/","substitution":"F03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f03/","value":"2002","year":"2002"},{"claim":"A study in Iran found no significant difference in hatchability between 2 ppm of green malachite and 0.25 ppm of neutral anolyte.","geography":"Iran","kind":"performance","quote":"There was no significant difference (α\u003e0.05) in hatchability percent between 2 ppm of green malachite and the group treated with 0.25 ppm of neutral anolyte, contrary to other anolyte concentrations.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://jifro.ir/article-1-1705-en.html","substitution":"F03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f03/","value":"2 ppm green malachite vs 0.25 ppm neutral anolyte","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Satureja bachtiarica essential oil demonstrated antifungal performance comparable to malachite green in inhibiting infection transmission in rainbow trout eggs.","geography":"Iran","kind":"performance","quote":"The ability of the S. bachtiarica essential oil to inhibit the transmission of S. parasitica from contaminated to healthy fish eggs and its protective effect were similar to those observed with malachite green (p \u003e 0.05).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-33870-2","substitution":"F03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f03/","value":"comparable performance","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In India, the use of probiotic products has significantly increased in recent years, particularly in shrimp culture, with their application in grow-out carp culture also rising.","geography":"India","kind":"driver","quote":"A significant observation made was that the use of such probiotic products have significantly increased in last few years, mostly in shrimp culture practices and their application in grow-out carp culture is also increasing.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/status-of-aqua-medicines-drugs-and-chemicals-use-in-india-a-survey-report","substitution":"F03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f03/","value":"","year":"recent years (survey published 2017)"},{"claim":"In a survey of Indian aquaculture, probiotics constituted 24% of the 364 aqua-medicines, drugs, and chemicals collected.","geography":"India","kind":"economics","quote":"Out of these maximum number (31%) of aqua-medicines, drugs and chemicals used belonged to feed supplements and growth promoters group, followed by probiotics (24%), water quality improvement products (18%), antiseptics and sanitizers (13%), anti-parasitic drugs (10%) and least numbers were antibiotics (4%) (Figure 1).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/status-of-aqua-medicines-drugs-and-chemicals-use-in-india-a-survey-report","substitution":"F03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f03/","value":"","year":"2017 (survey data)"},{"claim":"In India, the use of antimicrobials (antiseptics, sanitizers, and antibiotics) declined from over 50% of total products in 1994-1998 to a lower share by 2017.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"This is in contrast to aqua-drug use pattern during 1994-1998, when antimicrobials (antiseptics, sanitizers and antibiotics) constituted more than 50% of total products (based on our previous survey, unpublished data), which were mainly used in newly developing shrimp aquaculture in coastal Indian States [44].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/status-of-aqua-medicines-drugs-and-chemicals-use-in-india-a-survey-report","substitution":"F03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f03/","value":"","year":"1994-1998 to 2017"},{"claim":"In a 90-day trial, the biofloc system significantly enhanced shrimp survival rate, yield, and water productivity compared to a conventional water-exchange system.","geography":"China","kind":"performance","quote":"Regarding production performance, BFT significantly enhanced shrimp survival rate (82.4% vs. 71.5%), yield (3460 vs. 2948 kg pond−1), and water productivity (0.85 vs. 0.28 kg m−3), while lowering the feed conversion ratio (1.16 vs. 1.33).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/11/3/170","substitution":"F04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/","value":"82.4% vs. 71.5% survival; 3460 vs. 2948 kg pond−1 yield; 1.16 vs. 1.33 FCR","year":"2023-2024"},{"claim":"Biofloc systems can serve as an alternative to antibiotics in disease control, showing similar survival performance to antibiotic-supplemented systems after a pathogen challenge.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Interestingly, similar survival performance was obtained between antibiotic-supplemented (CA-chal) (73 ± 6%) and biofloc systems with or without synbiotic-supplemented feed (BK-chal and BS-chal) (70 ± 0%), indicating that the biofloc system can serve as an alternative to antibiotics in disease control and minimize the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in shrimp farming.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/k5sjyd6y87p","substitution":"F04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/","value":"70 ± 0% vs. 73 ± 6% survival","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Total production costs of a biofloc system were eight times higher than the conventional system in a case study in Brazil.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"The total production costs of BFT were eight times higher than the conventional system.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/159393","substitution":"F04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/","value":"8 times higher costs","year":"2014"},{"claim":"The need to reduce reliance on antibiotics due to antimicrobial resistance and regulatory concerns is a primary driver for adopting biofloc technology.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Therefore, an alternative is needed to replace the use of antibiotics to minimize the risk of AMR.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/k5sjyd6y87p","substitution":"F04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/","value":"not applicable","year":"2020-2025"},{"claim":"By 2006, Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) represented over 98% of farmed shrimp entering the Thai shrimp auction.","geography":"Thailand","kind":"displacement","quote":"Wyban (2009) recently reported that vannamei farmers in Thailand have profit margins two to three times greater than monodon farmers (Table 3) and that by 2006 L. vannamei represented over 98% of farmed shrimp entering the Thai shrimp auction.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.asianfisheriessociety.org/publication/downloadfile.php?file=Y0dSbUx6QXdOelEyTlRZd01ERTFORGc0TVRVMU9UVXVjR1Jt\u0026id=1256","substitution":"F04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/","value":"98%","year":"2006"},{"claim":"More than 90% of Indian shrimp production is for the Litopenaeus vannamei species.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"Farmers switched to SPF L. Vannamei swiftly and today more than 90% of Indian shrimp production is for this species.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.eximbankindia.in/sites/default/files/2025-07/154file.pdf","substitution":"F04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/","value":"90%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Current estimates suggest that L. vannamei represents 76% of farmed shrimp in Asia.","geography":"Asia","kind":"displacement","quote":"On a broader scale, current estimates suggest that L. vannamei represents 76% of farmed shrimp in Asia and this number is projected to increase.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.asianfisheriessociety.org/publication/downloadfile.php?file=Y0dSbUx6QXdOelEyTlRZd01ERTFORGc0TVRVMU9UVXVjR1Jt\u0026id=1256","substitution":"F04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f04/","value":"76%","year":"2009"},{"claim":"In a 12.9 hectare rainbow trout fishery, the use of artificial egg-laying boards resulted in a 146-fold reduction in egg laying and a 9-fold and 6-fold reduction in parasite prevalence and intensity, respectively, in the year following intervention.","geography":"UK","kind":"performance","quote":"The year after this intervention was introduced there was a 146-fold reduction in egg laying, and the prevalence and intensity of the Argulus spp. infection was reduced 9-fold and 6-fold, respectively.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb02400.x","substitution":"F05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f05/","value":"146-fold reduction in egg laying, 9-fold reduction in prevalence, 6-fold reduction in intensity","year":"2000-2002"},{"claim":"Trials in four stillwater trout fisheries using marginal pipes to harvest egg strings resulted in the removal of an estimated 14 million eggs between June and November 2017, leading to reduced lice burdens and improved fishery performance.","geography":"UK","kind":"performance","quote":"Between June and November 2017, an estimated 14 million eggs were harvested and removed from individual trial sites, with a reduction in lice burdens on the trout and an improvement in fishery performance","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ifm.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Managing-Argulus-infections.pdf","substitution":"F05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f05/","value":"14 million eggs harvested","year":"2017"},{"claim":"In a study of rice and maize farmers in the Greater Mekong Subregion, the application of Trichogramma egg-cards led to a significant decrease in the number of times insecticides were sprayed by about 40-50%.","geography":"Greater Mekong Subregion","kind":"displacement","quote":"Evidence from the self-reported benefits observed by treatment farmers in the HHS, before and after applying egg-cards, suggests a significant decrease in the number of times insecticides were sprayed by about 40-50%, for both rice and maize farmers (Table 6).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l9td3ryl0my","substitution":"F05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f05/","value":"40-50%","year":"2017"},{"claim":"Farmers in the Greater Mekong Subregion who used Trichogramma egg-cards significantly decreased the amount spent on pesticides by approximately 35-40%.","geography":"Greater Mekong Subregion","kind":"displacement","quote":"Correspondingly, there was a significant decrease in the costs incurred on insecticides by 35-40% once the egg-cards were applied, for both maize and rice farmers.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l9td3ryl0my","substitution":"F05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f05/","value":"35-40%","year":"2017"},{"claim":"The European Union suspended the authorization of ethoxyquin as a feed additive in 2017, leading to its ban in the EU market.","geography":"European Union","kind":"driver","quote":"In June 2017, the EU commission suspended the authorisation of ethoxyquin (See Figure 1) for all animal species and categories.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.aquafeed.com/documents/221/0095390001595421322.pdf","substitution":"F06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f06/","value":"2017","year":"2017"},{"claim":"Synthetic ethoxyquin maintains a 30-50% cost advantage over natural alternatives like tocopherols and rosemary extract.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Animal feed ethoxyquin maintains a 30-50% cost advantage over natural alternatives like tocopherols and rosemary extract.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/animal-feed-ethoxyquin-market","substitution":"F06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f06/","value":"30-50% cost advantage","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Ethoxyquin remains the preferred and accepted antioxidant for feed-grade marine meals in major markets including China, Japan, and the USA.","geography":"China, Japan, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"It remains accepted in several countries as a safe way to protect feed-grade marine-origin meals and oils in China, Japan, and the USA.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.aquafeed.com/documents/221/0095390001595421322.pdf","substitution":"F06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f06/","value":"not applicable","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The European Union officially denied the authorization of ethoxyquin as a feed additive in 2022, following a suspension that began in 2017.","geography":"EU","kind":"driver","quote":"The authorisation of ethoxyquin (E 324) as an additive in animal nutrition belonging to the additive category ‘technological additives’ and to the functional group ‘antioxidants’, is denied.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2022/1375/oj","substitution":"F06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f06/","value":"2022","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The worldwide use of ethoxyquin is estimated at approximately 20,000 tonnes per year.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"The worldwide use of EQ is estimated at about 20,000 tonnes per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://fefac.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/22_DOC_27.pdf","substitution":"F06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f06/","value":"20,000 tonnes per year","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Bacteriophage therapy has not displaced conventional antibiotic use at scale in commercial aquaculture.","geography":"","kind":"displacement","quote":"","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1049964421001481","substitution":"F07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f07/","value":"not applicable","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In controlled trials, phage therapy has demonstrated survival rates comparable to or higher than those achieved with conventional antibiotics.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Notably, a previous study showed that the use of phage cocktails in shrimp infected with pathogenic Vibrio sp. resulted in a 91.4% survival rate, a comparable outcome to that of antibiotic treatments at 91.6%.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-44840-x","substitution":"F07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f07/","value":"comparable to antibiotics","year":"2020-2024"},{"claim":"A small-scale study in India indicated that phage-based formulations could be more economical than probiotics.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"The results suggest that the use of a bacteriophage-based formulation against vibrios resulted in better growth, survival, FCR and production of Litopenaeus vannamei. The benefit-cost ratio was also higher in the bacteriophage treated ponds.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://thefishsite.com/articles/study-backs-the-use-of-bacteriophages-in-shrimp-aquaculture","substitution":"F07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f07/","value":"benefit-cost ratio 1.35 vs 1.06","year":"2020"},{"claim":"The primary drivers for researching phage therapy are the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and strict regulatory guidelines regarding antibiotic residues in aquaculture products.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The use of antibiotics in combating infections is a breakthrough for aquaculture in the past, but the rising antibiotic resistance is posing an immense threat to their livelihood due to strict regulatory guidelines.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1049964421001481","substitution":"F07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/f07/","value":"AMR and regulatory guidelines","year":"2021-2025"},{"claim":"In a 15-month demonstration at a 1,200-head swine facility, the use of phytase and reduced dicalcium phosphate resulted in a 34% reduction in fecal phosphorus excretion.","geography":"USA (Nebraska)","kind":"displacement","quote":"Analysis of feces samples taken twice per month for the first 11 months, and monthly thereafter, indicated a 34% reduction in phosphate in the excreted feces of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing phytase.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/s4my5kw0803","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"34% reduction","year":"2000-2001"},{"claim":"Meta-analysis shows that phytase supplementation in reduced-phosphorus diets improves performance (ADG: +0.068 kg/day; FC: -0.115) compared to reduced-phosphorus diets without phytase.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"In DRP + P vs. DRP, phytase improved performance (ADG: +0.068 kg/day; DFI: +0.106 kg/day; FW: +4.630 kg; FC: −0.115; p \u003c 0.001), with stronger effects in males and at greater P reductions.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/hlt2tzmrm09","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"ADG: +0.068 kg/day; FC: -0.115","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Phytase supplementation increased profit by up to US$ 5.14 per pig compared to a reduced-phosphorus diet without phytase.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Economically, phytase increased profit by up to US$ 2.66 (vs. BD) and US$ 5.14 (vs. DRP), remaining advantageous even with enzyme price increases of up to 4×.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/hlt2tzmrm09","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"US$ 5.14","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The adoption of phytase is driven by land constraints and the potential for phosphorus-based manure management regulations.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"This finding suggests that phytase is an alternative producers might consider for reducing phosphorus excretion if their state regulatory agency institutes a phosphorus-based application requirement and if producers are constrained by land.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/6d9n27pcrkn","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"land constraints and phosphorus-based regulations","year":"1998"},{"claim":"The use of phytase feed enzymes within the monogastric feed sector has reached 90 percent market penetration.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"According to recently conducted market research, the use of phytase feed enzymes within the monogastric feed sector has grown to a level of 90 per cent market penetration since their introduction in the 1990s, according to AB Vista.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/growth-of-superdosing-markets-start-of-new-era-in-phytase-use","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"90%","year":"2015"},{"claim":"The inclusion rate of phytase in all diets for swine and poultry is approximately 70%.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The current inclusion rate of phytase in all diets for swine and poultry is approximately 70%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://golbid.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Phytase-a-New-Life-for-an.pdf","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"70%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"Phytase is present in over 60% of monogastric feed.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"First commercialised in 1991, phytase is now present in over 60% of monogastric feed, and possibly even in a higher percentage of poultry diets, in a growing market that exceeds $300 million US dollars per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.foodagribusiness.world/poultry/phytase-use-in-poultry-diets-going-beyond-phosphorus-release","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"\u003e60%","year":"2011"},{"claim":"The global phytase market was estimated to account for more than 60% of the total feed enzyme market in 2010.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"At the first international phytase summit in 2010, the current global phytase market was estimated to account for more than 60% of the total feed enzyme market and to be worth $350 million annually.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://golbid.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Phytase-a-New-Life-for-an.pdf","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"60%","year":"2010"},{"claim":"Total removal of inorganic phosphate from broiler production could reduce usage of monocalcium phosphate and its equivalent by 1 million tons per year.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Based on the iP inclusion level in current commercial practical broiler diets supplemented with 1,000 FTU/kg, it is estimated that total replacement of iP, would reduce the usage of monocalcium phosphate in broiler feeds by at least 1 million tons per year on a total estimated broiler feed production of 307.3 million tons globally in 2019 (Alltech Global Feed Survey; Alltech, 2020).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://fundacionfedna.org/sites/default/files/Cap4_FEDNA-2022.pdf","substitution":"FD01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd01/","value":"1 million tons per year","year":"2019"},{"claim":"Research trials demonstrate that insect meal can successfully replace a portion of fishmeal in the diets of various fish species, including rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, without negatively impacting growth performance.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"It was found that Atlantic salmon fed with insect meal had comparable growth performance and nutrient utilization to those fed with fishmeal-based diets, indicating that insect meal can be a suitable alternative protein source for fish feed.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/animals/animals-12-00179/article_deploy/animals-12-00179-v2.pdf?version=1642092472","substitution":"FD02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/","value":"up to 50% replacement","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"Evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of replacing marine proteins with insect meal in aquafeeds have generally been negative due to higher production costs compared to conventional fishmeal.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Although there exists one or two geographically isolated exceptions, evaluations of the cost effectiveness of replacing marine proteins with IM in aquafeeds have been generally negative.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/11/4/198/pdf?version=1774519467","substitution":"FD02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/","value":"generally negative cost-effectiveness","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Regulatory approvals, such as those by the European Union in 2017 and 2021, have been a primary driver for the potential adoption of insect meal in aquafeeds.","geography":"EU","kind":"driver","quote":"In 2017, the European Union allowed seven insect species’ insect-derived protein in aquafeeds, addressing ecological challenges like deforestation and fishmeal over-dependence in aquaculture.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2410-3888/6/3/28","substitution":"FD02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/","value":"","year":"2017-2021"},{"claim":"In Norwegian aquaculture, novel ingredients such as insect meal currently represent around 0.4 percent of total feed ingredients.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Norwegian aquaculture, novel ingredients such as insect meal currently represent around 0.4 percent of total feed ingredients.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://thefishsite.com/articles/insect-meal-can-the-sector-still-deliver-on-its-2030-promise","substitution":"FD02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/","value":"0.4 percent","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Insect-based feed accounted for 0.5% of global protein feed production in 2022.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Insect-based feed accounted for 0.5% of global protein feed production in 2022","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://worldmetrics.org/insect-protein-industry-statistics/","substitution":"FD02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/","value":"0.5%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The share of fishmeal in salmon feed has dropped from roughly 25% in 2010 to an estimated 12–15% in 2026.","geography":"European Union","kind":"displacement","quote":"The share of fishmeal in salmon feed has dropped from roughly 25% in 2010 to an estimated 12–15% in 2026.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/european-union-fish-feed-ingredients-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"FD02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/","value":"25% in 2010 to 12–15% in 2026","year":"2010-2026"},{"claim":"Conventional fishmeal, which used to contribute about 65% of the protein content in the feed for salmonids, now contributes to around 38%.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"As per the Dataintelo research, the larger trend has been identified in which conventional fishmeal, which used to contribute about 65% of the protein content in the feed for salmonids, now contributes to around 38%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://fishfocus.co.uk/how-sustainable-insect-protein-feed-is-transforming-global-aquaculture/","substitution":"FD02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd02/","value":"65% to 38%","year":"past decade"},{"claim":"The use of formaldehyde in feed became illegal in the European Union under Regulation (EU) 2018/183 following the denial of its approval as a feed additive in December 2017.","geography":"European Union","kind":"driver","quote":"Thus, the use of formaldehyde in feed became illegal within the EU, under Regulation (EU) 2018/183.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/263","substitution":"FD03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/","value":"2018","year":"2018"},{"claim":"Formaldehyde-based treatments are historically considered more effective than organic acid-based alternatives, with some studies reporting formaldehyde achieving a greater than three log10 reduction in Salmonella counts after 24 hours.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"A formaldehyde-based feed treatment was not included in the test panel, but other studies have reported formaldehyde to be the most effective agent, resulting in a greater than three log10 reduction in Salmonella counts after 24 h [21,25].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/2/263","substitution":"FD03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/","value":"\u003e3 log10 reduction","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"The total cost for a Salmonella-safe feed is estimated at 1.8–2.3 € per tonne of feed.","geography":"EU","kind":"economics","quote":"The total cost for a Salmonella-safe feed, is estimated at 1.8–2.3 € per tonne of feed","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.perstorp.com/-/media/files/perstorp/brochures/prophorce-feed-hygiene-screen-en.pdf","substitution":"FD03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/","value":"1.8–2.3 € per tonne","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Over 75% of compound feed produced in Western Europe incorporates acidifier blends.","geography":"Western Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"According to the European Feed Additives Association, over 75% of compound feed produced in Western Europe incorporates acidifier blends, with inclusion rates averaging 0.3% by weight.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/europe-feed-preservatives-market","substitution":"FD03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/","value":"75%","year":"not specified (current context)"},{"claim":"In France, 80% of dairy farms use treated silage as a primary feed source.","geography":"France","kind":"performance","quote":"As per FranceAgriMer, the country produces over 25 million metric tons of maize and grass silage annually, with 80% of dairy farms using treated silage as a primary feed source.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/europe-feed-preservatives-market","substitution":"FD03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/","value":"80%","year":"not specified (current context)"},{"claim":"Over 95% of Danish pig feed contains organic acid blends.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"performance","quote":"Consequently, over 95% of Danish pig feed contains organic acid blends to suppress pathogenic bacteria and stabilize nutrients.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/europe-feed-preservatives-market","substitution":"FD03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/","value":"95%","year":"not specified (current context)"},{"claim":"Inoculants held 45.0% of the silage additives market share in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"By additive type, inoculants held 45.0% of the silage additives market share in 2025, while organic acids and salts recorded the fastest projected at 6.0% CAGR through 2031.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-silage-additives-market-industry","substitution":"FD03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd03/","value":"45.0%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The use of atoxigenic-based aflatoxin biocontrol products in farmers' fields resulted in substantial aflatoxin reductions of up to 100% in treated crops compared to untreated crops.","geography":"Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Togo","kind":"performance","quote":"","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s43170-024-00313-3","substitution":"FD04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd04/","value":"up to 100% less aflatoxin","year":"2019-2023"},{"claim":"FUMzyme is an authorized feed additive in the EU for pigs and poultry that significantly reduces fumonisin concentrations in the digestive tract.","geography":"EU","kind":"performance","quote":"","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/8t0bmpdzygg","substitution":"FD04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd04/","value":"\u003e 50% of fumonisin B1 degraded","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Current global adoption rates for novel mycotoxin degrading enzymes average 32-38% across all livestock production segments.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Current global adoption rates average 32-38% across all livestock production segments, with significant regional variation from 55-65% penetration in Europe and North America to 10-15% in developing Asia Pacific markets and Sub-Saharan Africa.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/novel-mycotoxin-degrading-enzymes-for-animal-feed-market","substitution":"FD04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd04/","value":"32-38%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Mineral binders held approximately 66% of the feed mycotoxin detoxifiers market share in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Binders were the largest segment, holding 66.9% of the feed mycotoxin detoxifiers market share in 2025, anchored by bentonite and zeolite products priced below USD 2 kg.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/global-feed-mycotoxin-detoxifiers-market-industry","substitution":"FD04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd04/","value":"66.20% - 66.9%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In Europe, binders held 65.92% of the feed mycotoxin detoxifiers market share in 2025.","geography":"Europe","kind":"economics","quote":"Binders retained 65.92% of the Europe Feed Mycotoxin Detoxifiers market share in 2025, underpinned by long-standing acceptance and cost efficiency at inclusion rates near 0.15% of feed weight.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.giiresearch.com/report/moi1939043-europe-feed-mycotoxin-detoxifiers-market-share.html","substitution":"FD04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd04/","value":"65.92%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Feed mills in Germany and the Netherlands have increased organic trace mineral inclusion by 15-20% since 2024 as part of a shift toward alternatives following the EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters.","geography":"Germany and the Netherlands","kind":"displacement","quote":"Feed mills in Germany and the Netherlands have already lifted organic trace mineral inclusion by 15-20% since 2024, redirecting formulation budgets to zinc, copper, and selenium chelates with demonstrated immune benefits.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/europe-feed-minerals-market-industry","substitution":"FD05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd05/","value":"15-20%","year":"since 2024"},{"claim":"Feed formulators demonstrate 15-25% uptake gains when substituting amino acid chelates for inorganic oxides, which lowers required inclusion and reduces fecal mineral output.","geography":"Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"Feed formulators demonstrate 15-25% uptake gains when substituting amino acid chelates for oxides, which lowers required inclusion and cuts fecal output.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/europe-feed-minerals-market-industry","substitution":"FD05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd05/","value":"15-25%","year":"2024-2030 period"},{"claim":"In 2022, 71% of WOAH Members reported that the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion is no longer authorised.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In this ninth round of data collection, as presented in Figure 5, a total of 112 (n = 157; 71%) participants report not using antimicrobial agents for growth promotion in animals, either with or without legislation or regulations.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2025/05/en-woah-amu-report-2025.pdf","substitution":"FD05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd05/","value":"71%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In Belgium, the total reduction in sales of antibacterial premixes for veterinary use between 2011 and 2024 reached 89.1%.","geography":"Belgium","kind":"displacement","quote":"The total reduction compared to 2011 in sales of antibacterial premixes reached 89,1 % in 2024, remaining on track for complete phase-out of antibacterials in feed by 2027.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.fagg-afmps.be/sites/default/files/BVS-report_2024_final.pdf","substitution":"FD05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd05/","value":"89.1%","year":"2011-2024"},{"claim":"In the United States, there was a 38% decrease in the marketed volume of antibiotics for livestock in 2021 compared to peak sales in 2015.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"For example, following the ban on the use of medically important antibiotics in livestock production in the United States, there was a significant decrease in marketed volume of antibiotics in 2017, with decrease of 38% in sales volume in 2021 compared to peak sales in 2015, meanwhile annual sales have remained at reduced levels since 2017","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1605215/full","substitution":"FD05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd05/","value":"38%","year":"2015-2021"},{"claim":"Current technology could enable production in the United States equivalent to 14% of the global fishmeal market.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Our results show that current technology can enable production, in the United States alone, equivalent to 14% of the global fishmeal market at prices at or below the current cost of fishmeal (roughly US$1,600 per metric ton).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00796-2","substitution":"FD06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd06/","value":"14% of the global fishmeal market","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Feeding trials show that methanotroph bacteria meal can replace up to 24.80% of fishmeal protein in black sea bream diets without adverse effects on growth.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"In conclusion, this study found that dietary FM protein can be partly (24.80%) replaced with FK protein in the diet without adverse impacts on growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal and hepatic histology, serum biochemical and antioxidative/oxidative parameters in black sea bream.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.778301/full","substitution":"FD06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd06/","value":"24.80%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Methanotrophic bacteria protein is priced at approximately USD 1,500 per metric ton, making it broadly competitive with fishmeal.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Methanotrophic bacteria price reported at ~USD 1,500 per MT, broadly competitive with fishmeal; other SCP pathways may be less competitive.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.feedinnovation.org/_files/ugd/a01733_a40055c2c55c49fab78a803430847214.pdf","substitution":"FD06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd06/","value":"~USD 1,500 per MT","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Food security concerns and the need for local feed production are primary drivers for the adoption of gas fermentation in regions like Saudi Arabia.","geography":"Saudi Arabia","kind":"driver","quote":"The plant—which will use the region’s abundant supply of natural gas as feedstock—will produce an initial 50,000 tons of protein annually with plans to increase capacity to over 300,000 tons in the coming years, reducing Saudi Arabia’s dependency on animal feed imports as food security moves up the Kingdom’s agenda.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://agfundernews.com/unibio-plans-worlds-largest-single-cell-protein-plant-in-saudi-arabia-as-food-security-moves-up-agenda","substitution":"FD06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fd06/","value":"50,000 tons annually","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The global algae market was USD 590 million by 2018 and is expected to reach USD 970 million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of 6.7% between 2019 and 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"According to this report, the global algae market was USD 590 million by 2018. It is expected to reach USD 970 million by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 6.7% between 2019 and 2025 [106].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7435790/","substitution":"FI01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/","value":"USD 590 million to USD 970 million","year":"2018-2025"},{"claim":"Regulatory pressure, including bans on specific azo dyes and consumer demand for clean-label products, is driving the food industry to phase out artificial dyes in favor of natural alternatives.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Legislative changes in the US continue to drive the shift away from artificial colorants in food and beverage products, amidst concerns over the health impacts of ubiquitous artificial dyes such as Red No. 3, Red No. 40, and tartrazine (Yellow 5), with many other markets across the world anticipated to ban azo dyes in the future.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.dsm-firmenich.com/content/dam/dsm-firmenich/taste-texture-health/markets-products/beverage/documents/vibelly-whitepaper-color-solutions.pdf","substitution":"FI01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/","value":"not applicable","year":"2023-2027"},{"claim":"Bio-based colorants are generally more expensive than synthetic dyes, though their impact on the final product cost is limited because they are used in small quantities.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"They are more expensive, but in actual contribution to the end product, they're not actually that big an impact because these things are used at a fraction of a percentage in the final product.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4g83dpeendo","substitution":"FI01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/","value":"more expensive","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In 2025, the natural color additive replacements segment accounted for approximately 31% of the broader global food colors market, up from roughly 22% in 2019.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2025, the natural color additive replacements segment accounted for approximately 31% of the broader global food colors market, up from roughly 22% in 2019, illustrating the rapid share capture from synthetic incumbents.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/natural-color-additive-replacements-market","substitution":"FI01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/","value":"31% in 2025, up from 22% in 2019","year":"2019-2025"},{"claim":"More than 67% of new food and beverage product launches globally in 2025 claimed no artificial colors on pack.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Brands across mass-market and artisanal segments alike are reformulating legacy products to remove certified synthetic colors, with more than 67% of new food and beverage product launches globally in 2025 claiming \"no artificial colors\" on pack - a statistic that underscores the commercial imperative driving this market's expansion.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/natural-color-additive-replacements-market","substitution":"FI01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/","value":"67%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In 2025, algae-derived colorants represented approximately 22.3% of the natural color additive replacements market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2025, the algae-derived colorants segment including phycocyanin represented 22.3% of the natural color additive replacements market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/natural-color-additive-replacements-market","substitution":"FI01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/","value":"22.3%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In 2025, microbial fermentation colors held 19.3% of the natural color additive replacements market revenue.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The Microbial Fermentation Colors segment held 19.3% of source segment revenue in 2025 and is forecast to grow at 10.8% CAGR through 2034.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/natural-color-additive-replacements-market","substitution":"FI01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi01/","value":"19.3%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Stevia has achieved an 89% market share of high-potency sweeteners in 2023.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Mintel database also shows that stevia has a 89% market share of high potency sweeteners in 2023","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://cifst.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Hank-Wang-How-to-Perform-Sugar-Reduction-with-Natural-Sweeteners.pdf","substitution":"FI02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi02/","value":"89%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"A 50% replacement of refined sugar with Thaumatin II results in an estimated 47% reduction in sweetener cost on an equivalent sweetness basis.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Based on the modeled minimum MSP of Thaumatin II of $814/kg (corresponding to a 10% internal rate of return with seed costs at $2/kg), a 50% replacement of refined sugar with Thaumatin II results in an estimated 47% reduction in sweetener cost on an equivalent sweetness basis.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2026.1868916/full","substitution":"FI02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi02/","value":"47% reduction","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The IARC's 2023 classification of aspartame as possibly carcinogenic has heightened public concern and increased demand for natural alternatives.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"The International Agency for Research on Cancer's (IARC) 2023 classification of aspartame as \"possibly carcinogenic to humans\" has heightened public concern and increased demand for natural alternatives [1].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/natural-sweeteners-market","substitution":"FI02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi02/","value":"2023","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In the United States, sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup together account for 90% of the sweeteners consumed.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"In the US, sucrose from cane and beet and HFCS from corn together account for 90% of the sweeteners consumed (7).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2026.1868916/full","substitution":"FI02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi02/","value":"90%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In the European Union, isoglucose (high-fructose syrup) penetration is less than 3% of combined sugar and isoglucose consumption.","geography":"European Union","kind":"performance","quote":"Europe shows a relatively low rate of HFS penetration (less than 3 % of sugar and HFS consumption combined) because the sugar regime has ensured that binding production quotas apply to HFS, known locally as isoglucose.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dokumen.site/download/mecas1204-alternative-sweeteners-in-a-higher-sugar-price-environment-english-a5b39f032c1c86","substitution":"FI02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi02/","value":"less than 3%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"In the 2025 global pet food market, natural antioxidant systems (mixed tocopherols and rosemary extract) accounted for 67.5% of revenue, while synthetic systems (BHA, BHT, TBHQ, ethoxyquin) accounted for 53% of the 14,700 tonnes of volume used.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"By volume, synthetic systems are still the majority, about 53% of the 14,700 tonnes used in 2025, because they are cheap and potent. By value, natural systems lead with 67.5%, because tocopherol concentrate trades near USD 30 per kg [25] while the monophenol class that includes BHT trades near USD 4.4 per kg [26], and natural blends are dosed at higher rates.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://growthmarketreports.com/report/antioxidants-for-pet-food-market","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"67.5% of revenue (natural); 53% of volume (synthetic)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Natural antioxidant systems are significantly more expensive than synthetic alternatives, with tocopherol concentrate trading near USD 30 per kg compared to approximately USD 4.41 per kg for the BHT monophenol class.","geography":"US","kind":"economics","quote":"Tocopherol concentrate left the US at USD 30.22 per kg in 2025, against USD 4.41 per kg for the BHT monophenol class, and natural systems need higher doses.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://growthmarketreports.com/report/antioxidants-for-pet-food-market","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"USD 30.22 per kg (tocopherol) vs USD 4.41 per kg (BHT)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The shift toward natural antioxidants is driven by consumer demand for clean labels, retail buyer mandates, and increasing regulatory pressure, including FDA reassessments of BHA and BHT and EU restrictions on ethoxyquin.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Clean-label demand: Pet owners want recognizable ingredients, and manufacturers are replacing BHA, BHT, TBHQ and ethoxyquin with natural systems despite cost and efficacy challenges.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://growthmarketreports.com/report/antioxidants-for-pet-food-market","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"clean-label demand, regulatory pressure","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Natural and blended antioxidant systems now account for over 65% of new product formulations in the European Union pet food sector.","geography":"European Union","kind":"displacement","quote":"Natural and blended antioxidant systems now account for over 65% of new product formulations in the European Union pet food sector, driven by stringent EU feed additive regulations and pervasive consumer clean-label preferences that are structurally eroding the synthetic antioxidant installed base.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/european-union-pet-food-antioxidants-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"over 65%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Synthetic antioxidants' share in the EU pet food market has declined by an estimated 8-10 percentage points over the past five years.","geography":"European Union","kind":"displacement","quote":"Synthetic Antioxidants, while still present in price-sensitive mass-market dry kibble and some industrial wet pet food formulations, are contracting steadily. Their share has declined by an estimated 8-10 percentage points over the past five years, and further erosion is expected as retailers and brand owners preempt consumer scrutiny and potential tightening of EU maximum residue limits.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/european-union-pet-food-antioxidants-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"8-10 percentage points","year":"2021-2026"},{"claim":"Natural systems built on mixed tocopherols and rosemary extract earn 67.5% of revenue in the global antioxidants for pet food market.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Natural systems built on mixed tocopherols and rosemary extract earn 67.5% of revenue and keep taking share from BHA, BHT, TBHQ and ethoxyquin, a shift that speeds up as the US FDA reassesses BHA and BHT in 2026 and after the EU refused ethoxyquin as a feed additive in 2022.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://growthmarketreports.com/report/antioxidants-for-pet-food-market","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"67.5%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Natural antioxidants represent approximately 45–55% of the French pet food antioxidant market by value.","geography":"France","kind":"performance","quote":"Natural antioxidants, led by mixed tocopherols and rosemary extract, now represent approximately 45–55% of the French pet food antioxidant market by value, supported by clean-label demand across premium, veterinary, and direct-to-consumer pet food brands.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/france-pet-food-antioxidants-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"45–55%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In 2025, more than 63% of new food-and-beverage product launches globally carried a free-from artificial preservatives or equivalent on-pack claim.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2025, more than 63% of new food-and-beverage product launches globally carried a \"free-from artificial preservatives\" or equivalent on-pack claim, up from approximately 44% five years prior.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/natural-food-preservatives-market","substitution":"FI03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi03/","value":"63%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The transition from chemical to biotechnological production of Vitamin B2 was completed in approximately 15 years, resulting in a shift to exclusive biotechnological production.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"It is these compelling economic and environmental benefits that triggered the complete shift from mostly chemical to exclusively biotechnological production in a period of only approximately 15 years.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bk2dh3cq6lc","substitution":"FI04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi04/","value":"100% (exclusive)","year":"approx. 15-year period ending around 2015-2025"},{"claim":"The two-step fermentation process for Vitamin C replaced the classical Reichstein process and is now applied by Chinese manufacturers who produce over 80% of the world's Vitamin C.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Therefore, the two-step fermentation process substituted the classical Reichstein process and was widely applied by Chinese manufacturers that produced more than 80% of vitamin C in the world market (Pappenberger and Hohmann, 2014).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301763006_Industrial_Fermentation_of_Vitamin_C","substitution":"FI04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi04/","value":"\u003e80%","year":"2014"},{"claim":"The biotechnological production of Vitamin B2 resulted in a 40% reduction in production costs compared to the previous chemical process.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"This was accompanied by a 40% reduction in production costs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bk2dh3cq6lc","substitution":"FI04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi04/","value":"40% reduction","year":"2003 (analysis date)"},{"claim":"The switch to biotechnological production of Vitamin B2 was driven by economic and environmental benefits, including reduced energy, material, and fossil raw material consumption.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"It is these compelling economic and environmental benefits that triggered the complete shift from mostly chemical to exclusively biotechnological production in a period of only approximately 15 years.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bk2dh3cq6lc","substitution":"FI04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi04/","value":"economic and environmental benefits","year":"2000-2015 period"},{"claim":"Fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) has displaced traditional animal rennet to become the dominant coagulant in the United States and United Kingdom, covering 80% to 90% of the market.","geography":"United States and United Kingdom","kind":"displacement","quote":"Currently, the use of animal rennet is mostly limited to the production of high-quality traditional and Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheeses in Europe (e.g., Italy, France, and Spain;Camin et al., 2019), whereas FPC covers 80% to 90% of the coagulant market in the United States and United Kingdom (Liu et al., 2021).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030225001614","substitution":"FI05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi05/","value":"80% to 90%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"By the late 1990s, approximately 60% to 70% of European cheese was produced using FPC instead of animal rennet.","geography":"Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"By the late 1990s, about 60–70% of European cheese was already made with FPC instead of animal rennet — a percentage that’s grown since then.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://davewhittum.substack.com/p/more-than-i-wanted-to-know-about","substitution":"FI05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi05/","value":"60–70%","year":"late 1990s"},{"claim":"By 2012, estimates from industry sources indicated that approximately 90% of all commercial cheese production in the United States was made with FPC.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2012, best estimates from enzyme companies and dairy groups attribute 90% of all commercial cheese production in the United States to FPC.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.vrg.org/blog/2012/08/21/microbial-rennets-and-fermentation-produced-chymosin-fpc-how-vegetarian-are-they/","substitution":"FI05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi05/","value":"90%","year":"2012"},{"claim":"The shift to FPC and microbial coagulants was driven by the scarcity and high cost of calf rennet, supply volatility, and ethical concerns regarding the slaughter of young calves.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"However, since 1960, several substitutes, such as microbial and fermentation-produced chymosin (FPC) coagulants, have been developed in response to the high cost of manufacturing animal rennet, the limited availability of calf stomachs (Jacob et al., 2011), and ethical concerns regarding the slaughter of very young animals for sourcing chymosin (Bathmanathan et al., 2019).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030225001614","substitution":"FI05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi05/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"FPC is generally more cost-effective than calf rennet and provides a more stable supply.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Because it is a fermentation product, the raw materials for its production are readily available, resulting in a stable supply at a consistent price for the cheese industry.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.vrg.org/journal/vj2008issue3/2008_issue3_update_renet.php","substitution":"FI05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi05/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Algal oil has progressed from pilot stage to routine use in commercial salmon feeds.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Algal oil has progressed from pilot stage to routine use in commercial salmon feeds, offering stable, traceable omega-3s with equivalent nutritional performance.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.feedinnovation.org/_files/ugd/a01733_43ac808160af404189139fbdd99b61da.pdf","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"20,000 MT (2025) to 36,000 MT (2030) EPA + DHA","year":"2025-2030"},{"claim":"Algal oil achieves full (100%) fish-oil replacement with no loss in growth or feed conversion ratio in commercial settings.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Achieves full (100%) fish-oil replacement with no loss in growth or feed conversion ratio in commercial settings.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.feedinnovation.org/_files/ugd/a01733_43ac808160af404189139fbdd99b61da.pdf","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"100%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Algal oil is priced at USD 6,000–15,000/MT, which is usually higher than fish oil except under tight-supply conditions.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Priced at USD 6,000–15,000/MT, usually higher than fish oil except under tight-supply conditions.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.feedinnovation.org/_files/ugd/a01733_43ac808160af404189139fbdd99b61da.pdf","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"USD 6,000–15,000/MT","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The switch to algal oil is driven by limited global supply of fish oil, rising demand, price volatility, and pressure on pelagic fisheries.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Aquaculture growth depends on omega-3s, traditionally sourced from fish oil, but limited global supply and rising demand are driving price volatility and pressure on pelagic fisheries.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.feedinnovation.org/_files/ugd/a01733_43ac808160af404189139fbdd99b61da.pdf","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"not applicable","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In 2025, the infant formula application segment generated approximately 38.7% of global revenues for the DHA oil from algae market.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"In 2025, the infant formula application segment remains the single largest end-use category, generating approximately 38.7% of global revenues, as pediatric nutrition standards in over 60 countries now mandate or recommend DHA supplementation at levels of 0.2% to 0.5% of total fatty acids.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/global-dha-oil-from-algae-market","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"38.7%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Consultations with industry stakeholders suggest that the average inclusion rate of algae in total aquafeed is currently around 1%, consisting primarily of algae oil.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Consultations with industry stakeholders suggest that the average inclusion rate of algae in total feed is currently around 1%, consisting primarily of algae oil (2025).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.aquafeed.com/documents/307/replacing_fish-based_feed_with_algae-based_feed_in-KL0126029ENN.pdf","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"1%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Fish-based materials in salmon feeds have decreased from approximately 75% in 1990 to approximately 20% currently.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Currently, fish-based materials make up only approximately 20% of salmon feeds, marking a significant decrease from approximately 75% in 1990 (35).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.aquafeed.com/documents/307/replacing_fish-based_feed_with_algae-based_feed_in-KL0126029ENN.pdf","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"75% to 20%","year":"1990-2026"},{"claim":"Current estimates put the algae-derived EPA and DHA production at around 20,000 metric tonnes in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Current estimates put the algae-derived EPA and DHA production at around 20,000 metric tonnes in 2025 (58).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.aquafeed.com/documents/307/replacing_fish-based_feed_with_algae-based_feed_in-KL0126029ENN.pdf","substitution":"FI06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi06/","value":"20,000 metric tonnes","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Glucose oxidase is used as a functional alternative to replace potassium bromate and azodicarbonamide (ADA) in breadmaking to strengthen dough and improve loaf volume.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"the invention relates to the use of a Penicillium glucose oxidase to completely or partially replace bromate. ... the invention relates to the use of a Penicillium glucose oxidase to completely or partially replace azodicarbonamide (ADA).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016026839A1/en","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"The shift away from chemical oxidants is driven by consumer demand, pressure from large industrial flour users, and regulatory bans in various countries.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Although often caused by unscientific fearmongering, the trend away from chemical oxidants is here to stay - not a passing fad. It is currently being driven by consumers and by extension large, industrial flour users (industrial bakers, fast food chains etc) rather than legislators in many countries past a certain development stage.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.iaom.org/wp-content/uploads/02muehlenchemie.pdf","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Enzyme blends like BakeZyme AAA can reduce ascorbic acid dosage by 20-50% while maintaining bread quality, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional chemical oxidants.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"In response to the current price volatility of ascorbic acid, DSM has developed the enzyme blend BakeZyme ® AAA, a well-balanced and thoroughly tested blend of baking enzymes. It offers a cost-effective way to reduce ascorbic acid in bread by 20-50%, while maintaining normal bread quality.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/food-specialties/en_us/documents/insights-technical-bakezyme-whitepaper.pdf","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Baking trials demonstrate that enzymatic replacements for calcium peroxide and ADA can achieve comparable dough handling and baking performance, such as loaf volume.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Enzymatic replacement possible and achievable. Guided dosage: 50ppm Gloxy SI for every 20ppm CP / Calco 75. Dosage varies depending on oxidizing strength, flour quality, etc.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://docslib.org/doc/226129/calcium-peroxide-cp-azodicarbonamide-ada","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Many countries have prohibited the use of potassium bromate in baked goods, including the European Union (1990), Canada, Nigeria, Brazil, Colombia, Sri Lanka, India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, China, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"The European Union banned it in 1990, Canada \u0026 Nigeria followed shortly after. Over the last 30 years, various countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Sri Lanka, India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, China, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand [1] have prohibited the use of potassium bromate and iodate in baked goods.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.novonesis.com/en/news/bromate-era-has-faded-heres-how-make-your-baked-goods-healthier-and-more-sustainable","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"BakeZyme AAA allows for a 25-50% reduction in ascorbic acid dosage in bread while maintaining quality.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"BakeZyme ® AAA allows 25-50% ascorbic acid reduction without compromi ... on dough rheology (figure 6), loaf volume and other bread quality attributes.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/food-specialties/en_us/documents/insights-technical-bakezyme-whitepaper.pdf","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Penicillium glucose oxidase can be used to replace 100% of the potassium bromate or azodicarbonamide otherwise used in a baking process.","geography":"","kind":"displacement","quote":"the glucose oxidase replaces 100% of the bromate otherwise used in the baking process.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016026839A1/en","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Glucose oxidase can replace 100% of the bromate or azodicarbonamide otherwise used in the baking process without deterioration of product quality.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The glucose oxidase replaces 100% of the bromate otherwise used in the baking process. Replacement of bromate by a Penicillium glucose oxidase may be done without deterioration of process tolerance, dough handling, crumb quality, loaf volume and product quality of the baked product.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016026839A1/en","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"100%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Baking trials demonstrated that glucose oxidase (Gloxy SI) can achieve comparable or improved loaf volume and crumb texture when replacing calcium peroxide and azodicarbonamide.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"CP \u0026 ADA Replacement – 11.5% protein bread flour (10% sugar) ... Volume 1755 1725 1740 1795 Crumb texture comparable comparable comparable comparable","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://docslib.org/doc/226129/calcium-peroxide-cp-azodicarbonamide-ada","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"1795 (volume) vs 1755 (control)","year":"2001-2026"},{"claim":"Enzyme blends can reduce ascorbic acid dosage by 25-50% while maintaining bread quality, offering a cost-effective alternative during periods of price volatility.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"BakeZyme ® AAA allows 25-50% ascorbic acid reduction without compromi sing on dough rheology (figure 6), loaf volume and other bread quality attributes.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/food-specialties/en_us/documents/insights-technical-bakezyme-whitepaper.pdf","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"25-50%","year":"2016-2026"},{"claim":"The trend away from chemical oxidants is driven by consumer demand and large industrial flour users rather than legislation in many developed countries.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"It is currently being driven by consumers and by extension large, industrial flour users (industrial bakers, fast food chains etc) rather than legislators in many countries past a certain development stage","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.iaom.org/wp-content/uploads/02muehlenchemie.pdf","substitution":"FI07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi07/","value":"not applicable","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Enzymatic degumming technologies are only utilized for a small fraction of oil refinement operations, such as in Argentina, the world's leading exporter of soybean oil, where enzymatic methods refine merely 10% of the soybean oil.","geography":"Argentina","kind":"displacement","quote":"Consequently, enzymatic degumming technologies are only utilized for a small fraction of oil refinement operations, such as in Argentina, the world's leading exporter of soybean oil, where enzymatic methods refine merely 10% of the soybean oil.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/wny3ywrx284","substitution":"FI08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi08/","value":"10%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The world's largest soybean processing industrial complex converted half of its capacity to the Purifine PLC enzymatic degumming process.","geography":"Argentina","kind":"displacement","quote":"World's Largest Soybean Processing Industrial Complex Converts Half of Capacity to Usage of Verenium's Purifine® PLC Enzymatic Degumming Process Engineered and Installed by Alfa Laval","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/worlds-largest-soybean-processing-industrial-complex-converts-half-of-capacity-to-usage-of-vereniums-purifine-plc-enzymatic-degumming-process-engineered-and-installed-by-alfa-laval-117053698.html","substitution":"FI08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi08/","value":"50% of capacity","year":"2011"},{"claim":"Enzymatic degumming provides an additional oil yield of nearly 2% compared to conventional chemical methods.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"In this way, this reaction releases triglycerides (TAGs) previously trapped by the PLs, resulting in an additional yield of nearly 2% (Dijkstra, 2011) .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/wny3ywrx284","substitution":"FI08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi08/","value":"nearly 2%","year":"2011/2025"},{"claim":"A cost-benefit analysis indicates a net benefit of 8.49 USD per metric ton of processed oil using enzymatic degumming.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"With current oil prices, the 2% extra yield afforded by the enzymatic treatment results in 8.49 USD net benefit per MT, giving positive results down to 671 USD per MT processed oil.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/wny3ywrx284","substitution":"FI08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi08/","value":"8.49 USD per MT","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Stricter legislation and consumer pressure to reduce trans fatty acids have driven the switch from partial hydrogenation to enzymatic interesterification.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Increasing trend to reduce / exclude trans fatty acids from food because of stricter legislation - trans labelling in USA from 2006 - very strict Danish regulation : max. 2% in food fats increasing pressure from consumer organisations","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://rsync.iupac.org/symposia/proceedings/Tunis04/degreyt-interesterification-modifieddgw.pdf","substitution":"FI08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi08/","value":"stricter legislation and consumer pressure","year":"2004"},{"claim":"Today, over 99 percent of the world's output of citric acid is produced microbially by fermentation, having replaced the traditional extraction from citrus fruits.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Although in South America, Mexico and Greece there still exists some factories where citric acid is isolated from unripe citrus fruits, today over 99 per cent of the world's output of citric acid is produced microbially by various fermentation processes, substrates and microorganisms.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1387265607130118","substitution":"FI09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/","value":"over 99 per cent","year":"2007-2010"},{"claim":"The fermentation process became more affordable than extraction, with production costs dropping significantly by 1934 compared to 1920.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"So efficient and affordable was the new process that as early as of 1934 the acid production cost, using today’s currency values, was €0.2/kg vs. €1.0/kg of 1920 when the acid was still obtained from lemon juice [16].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13065-017-0251-y","substitution":"FI09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/","value":"€0.2/kg vs. €1.0/kg","year":"1920-1934"},{"claim":"The switch to fermentation was driven by the need for a more efficient, affordable, and scalable process to meet growing global demand, as extraction from fruit could not keep pace.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Since the late 1920s, however, the carbohydrate fermentation route has replaced extraction from lemon juice.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13065-017-0251-y","substitution":"FI09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/","value":"not applicable","year":"1920s-present"},{"claim":"In 1926, the output of citric acid using fermentation technology outpaced that from lemons and limes.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The success of this pilot plant meant that in 1926 when the first large-scale industrial plant opened, the output of citric acid using fermentation technology outpaced that from lemons and limes.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.rethinkx.com/blog/citric-acid","substitution":"FI09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/","value":"more than 50% of the world’s supply","year":"1926"},{"claim":"By 1929, Pfizer no longer used lemons and limes for its citric acid production, with all 10 million pounds produced by fermentation.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"and by 1929, Pfizer no longer used lemons and limes for its citric acid production. All 10 million pounds were being produced by fermentation.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.rethinkx.com/blog/citric-acid","substitution":"FI09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/","value":"10 million pounds","year":"1929"},{"claim":"By 1930, 90% of citric acid was made using fermentation.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"By 1930, 90% of citric acid was made using fermentation and improvements to the process have continued to this day.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.rethinkx.com/blog/citric-acid","substitution":"FI09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/","value":"90%","year":"1930"},{"claim":"Today, over 99% of the world's output of citric acid is produced microbially by fermentation.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Although in South America, Mexico and Greece there still exists some factories where citric acid is isolated from unripe citrus fruits, today over 99 per cent of the world's output of citric acid is produced microbially by various fermentation processes, substrates and microorganisms.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1387265607130118","substitution":"FI09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi09/","value":"over 99%","year":"current"},{"claim":"Refined sugar consumption in the U.S. decreased from a peak of 94 pounds per capita in 1977 to 61 pounds in 1986, a 35 percent reduction, while HFCS per capita consumption increased from 5 pounds in 1975 to over 45 pounds in 1986.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Refined sugar consumption decreased from a peak of 94 pounds per capita in 1977 to 61 pounds in 1986, a 35 percent reduction. HFCS per capita consumption, dry basis, increased from 5 pounds in 1975 to over 45 pounds in 1986.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.library.nd.gov/statedocs/NDSU/aer22920101215.pdf","substitution":"FI10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/","value":"35 percent reduction in sugar; HFCS consumption from 5 to over 45 pounds per capita","year":"1975-1986"},{"claim":"HFCS accounts for over 96 percent of the combined HFCS and sugar consumption in the U.S. beverage industry.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Due to the lower costs of HFCS relative to sucrose, HFCS accounts for over 96 percent of the combined HFCS and sugar consumption in the beverage industry.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.library.nd.gov/statedocs/NDSU/aer22920101215.pdf","substitution":"FI10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/","value":"over 96 percent","year":"1987 (report date)"},{"claim":"Continuous enzymatic conversion using immobilized glucose isomerase offers lower enzyme usage, lower capital equipment and labor costs, better process control, and lower refining costs compared to batch processes.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"A comparison between immobilized glucose isomerase in a batch versus a continuous process shows the continuous process has the following advantages: 1 Lower enzyme usage and cost for converting glucose to fructose. 2 Lower capital equipment and labor costs. 3 Better and easier process control. 4 Lower refining costs and improved product quality.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/star.19740261203","substitution":"FI10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/","value":"lower costs and improved quality","year":"1974"},{"claim":"HFCS-55 is priced 12 to 15 percent below sucrose and HFCS-42 is priced at 22 to 24 percent below sucrose prices, which enabled the industry to penetrate the market.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Recently HFCS-55 was priced 12 to 15 percent below sucrose and HFCS-42 was priced at 22 to 24 percent below sucrose prices. This pricing strategy enabled the HFCS industry to penetrate the sucrose market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.library.nd.gov/statedocs/NDSU/aer22920101215.pdf","substitution":"FI10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/","value":"12-15% and 22-24% below sucrose prices","year":"1980s"},{"claim":"The rise in sucrose prices to extraordinary heights in 1974 drove food manufacturers to increase their consumption of high-fructose corn syrup.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"As wholesale prices of refined sugar quadrupled between the third quarter of 1973 and the third quarter of 1974, food manufacturers increased their consumption of high-fructose corn syrup.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/1dl9j05h053","substitution":"FI10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/","value":"quadrupled sugar prices","year":"1973-1974"},{"claim":"The U.S. corn wet-milling industry transitioned from using acids to enzymes for high-quality HFCS production as a result of enzyme research and development.","geography":"United States","kind":"driver","quote":"The process used for consistently high quality HFCS production is the result of enzyme R\u0026D, which allowed replacing acids with enzymes.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/6dds6s1yyk4","substitution":"FI10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"HFCS production is the major application for immobilized-enzyme technology, with a world market of over 5 million tonnes.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The present world market for HFCS is over 5 million tonnes of which about 60% is for 55% fructose syrup with most of the remainder for 42% fructose syrup. This market is still expanding and ensures that HFCS production is the major application for immobilised-enzyme technology.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/hfcs.html","substitution":"FI10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi10/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"The extraction of L-glutamate from protein hydrolysate was superseded nearly 50 years ago by bacterial fermentation.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The extraction method for obtaining L-glutamate was superseded nearly 50 years ago by fermentation, following a sharp increase in demand for the flavor-enhancer MSG.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://bioinnovationlinkage.oie.go.th/a_AttachTechnology/Technology_1_20210715_200547_1.pdf","substitution":"FI11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi11/","value":"superseded nearly 50 years ago","year":"circa 1970s"},{"claim":"The current annual production of L-glutamate/MSG by fermentation is estimated at 3.2 million tons.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Nowadays, production of 3.2 million tons of l-glutamate/MSG by fermentation is estimated yearly, which accounts for over 40% of the amino acid market [2, 4].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43393-022-00141-4","substitution":"FI11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi11/","value":"3.2 million tons","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The profitability of the fermentation method provided the impetus for expanding the global MSG market in the postwar period.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The profitability of the fermentation method provided the impetus for expanding the global MSG market in the postwar period, impacting the health and aesthetic value of foodways around the world.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15528014.2019.1638117","substitution":"FI11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi11/","value":"profitability","year":"postwar period"},{"claim":"Nowadays, production of 3.2 million tons of l-glutamate/MSG by fermentation is estimated yearly.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Nowadays, production of 3.2 million tons of l-glutamate/MSG by fermentation is estimated yearly, which accounts for over 40% of the amino acid market [2, 4].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43393-022-00141-4","substitution":"FI11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi11/","value":"3.2 million tons","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The extraction method for obtaining L-glutamate was superseded nearly 50 years ago by fermentation.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The extraction method for obtaining L-glutamate was superseded nearly 50 years ago by fermentation, following a sharp increase in demand for the flavor-enhancer MSG.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://bioinnovationlinkage.oie.go.th/a_AttachTechnology/Technology_1_20210715_200547_1.pdf","substitution":"FI11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi11/","value":"nearly 50 years ago","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The fermentation process was developed in the 1950s, replacing the original hydrolysis of wheat gluten or soy protein.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The fermentation process was developed in the 1950s, replacing the original hydrolysis of wheat gluten or soy protein.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://chemfyi.com/application/monosodium-glutamate-msg-production-by-fermentation/","substitution":"FI11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi11/","value":"1950s","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The commercial production of riboflavin has shifted from being almost exclusively chemical to being produced almost exclusively via biotechnological fermentation.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Today, virtually all vitamin B 2 globally is produced using genetically engineered microorganisms in precision fermentation.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bk2dh3cq6lc","substitution":"FI12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi12/","value":"virtually all vitamin B 2 globally","year":"2000-2025"},{"claim":"The biotechnological process for riboflavin production offers significant cost savings compared to the multi-stage chemical process.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"This was accompanied by a 40% reduction in production costs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bk2dh3cq6lc","substitution":"FI12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi12/","value":"40% reduction in production costs","year":"2000s (post-switch)"},{"claim":"The switch to fermentation reduced environmental impacts, including fossil raw material use, wastewater, and exhaust emissions.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"The use of fossil raw materials was reduced by 75%, wastewater by 67%, and exhaust air by 50%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bk2dh3cq6lc","substitution":"FI12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi12/","value":"75% reduction in fossil raw materials, 67% reduction in wastewater, 50% reduction in exhaust air","year":"2000s (post-switch)"},{"claim":"The shift from chemical to biotechnological production was driven by economic and environmental benefits.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"It is these compelling economic and environmental benefits that triggered the complete shift from mostly chemical to exclusively biotechnological production in a period of only approximately 15 years.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/bk2dh3cq6lc","substitution":"FI12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi12/","value":"economic and environmental benefits","year":"1990-2000s"},{"claim":"The market share of riboflavin produced by microbial processes increased from 5% in 1990 to 75% in 2002.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The market share of riboflavin produced by microbial processes increased from 5% in 1990 to 75% in 2002.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ukdiss.com/examples/industrial-production-riboflavin.php","substitution":"FI12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fi12/","value":"5% in 1990 to 75% in 2002","year":"1990-2002"},{"claim":"Between 1985 and 1990, Bacillus thuringiensis products gradually replaced synthetic insecticides in spruce budworm control programmes across Canada.","geography":"Canada","kind":"displacement","quote":"As a result, between 1985 and 1990 B. thuringiensis products gradually replaced synthetic insecticides in spruce budworm control programmes across Canada (van Frankenhuyzen 2000) .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/1zhtnf44hh3","substitution":"FO01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo01/","value":"1985-1990","year":"1985-1990"},{"claim":"The development of products based on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner has almost entirely replaced synthetic insecticides in forest protection in Canada.","geography":"Canada","kind":"displacement","quote":"The second success was the development of products based on Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillaceae), which have almost entirely replaced synthetic insecticides in forest protection.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/1zhtnf44hh3","substitution":"FO01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo01/","value":"almost entirely replaced","year":"2015"},{"claim":"Applying Btk every 2 years is the most profitable approach to protect forest against spruce budworm and has a lower operational cost compared to standard and intensive scenarios.","geography":"Canada (Quebec)","kind":"economics","quote":"Consequently, applying Btk every 2 years is not only the most profitable approach to protect forest against spruce budworm but also its lower operational cost as compared with the two aforementioned scenarios would allow to protect additional area without the need to increase the budget allocated to forest protection.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://annforsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13595-024-01260-9","substitution":"FO01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo01/","value":"437.55 CAD/ha vs 791.59 CAD/ha (standard) and 1069.83 CAD/ha (intensive)","year":"2010-2021"},{"claim":"Public opposition to large-scale aerial application of chemical insecticides contributed to the adoption of B. thuringiensis in Canadian forestry.","geography":"Canada","kind":"driver","quote":"The adoption of B. thuringiensis in the context of public opposition to large-scale aerial application of chemical insecticides no doubt contributes to this acceptance.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/1zhtnf44hh3","substitution":"FO01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo01/","value":"public opposition","year":"2015"},{"claim":"In Fennoscandia, Phlebiopsis gigantea (Rotstop) was applied to over 47,000 hectares and urea to over 2,000 hectares of forestland annually.","geography":"Fennoscandia","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Fennoscandia, Rotstop and urea are applied, respectively, on 47,000ha and on 2000ha of forestland each year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1049964404000994","substitution":"FO02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo02/","value":"47,000ha (Rotstop) vs 2,000ha (urea)","year":"2003 (data reported in 2004)"},{"claim":"Metsä Group has largely completed the transition from urea to Phlebiopsis gigantea for stump treatment, with urea remaining in use only for specific harvester models where technical deficiencies exist.","geography":"Finland","kind":"driver","quote":"The move to Phlebiopsis gigantea has now been largely completed. In some harvester models (around one fifth of all the machines in use), technical deficiencies related to the use of Phlebiopsis gigantea have been detected. We have asked the machinery manufacturers to fix these. These harvester models will continue to use urea until the manufacturers have fixed the deficiencies.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.metsagroup.com/metsaforest/news-and-publications/releases/2024/the-replacement-of-urea-with-phlebiopsis-gigantea-in-stump-treatment-is-progressing/","substitution":"FO02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo02/","value":"","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In precommercial thinnings, urea performed better (92-94% efficacy) than P. gigantea (59-72%), while in final fellings both treatments showed high efficacy (urea 95.5-99.8% vs P. gigantea 90-98%).","geography":"Sweden","kind":"performance","quote":"In precommercial thinnings, urea performed better and had higher mean efficacy values (92-94%) compared to P. gigantea (59%-72%). In final fellings there were no significant differences between the treatments, both had high efficacy values (urea 95.5-99.8% vs P. gigantea 90-98%).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://research.slu.se/en/publications/size-matters-but-is-big-always-better-effectiveness-of-urea-and-p/","substitution":"FO02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo02/","value":"92-94% (urea) vs 59-72% (P. gigantea) in precommercial thinning; 95.5-99.8% (urea) vs 90-98% (P. gigantea) in final felling","year":"2020"},{"claim":"The switch from urea to Phlebiopsis gigantea is driven by regenerative forestry principles and the goal to reduce fossil carbon dioxide emissions associated with urea production.","geography":"Finland","kind":"driver","quote":"The replacement of urea with Phlebiopsis gigantea in stump treatment implements Metsä Group’s principles of regenerative forestry and reduces fossil carbon dioxide emissions from harvesting.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.metsagroup.com/metsaforest/news-and-publications/releases/2024/the-replacement-of-urea-with-phlebiopsis-gigantea-in-stump-treatment-is-progressing/","substitution":"FO02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo02/","value":"","year":"2024"},{"claim":"A global meta-analysis found that push-pull semiochemical treatments can reduce Ips bark beetle populations by 66% compared to control sites.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The overall efficacy of the push–pull semiochemical treatment shows a 66% reduction for Ips compared to control and a 54% reduction compared to control for Dendroctonus","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10607257/","substitution":"FO03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo03/","value":"66% reduction","year":"30-year period (meta-analysis)"},{"claim":"During a 1979-1982 outbreak in Norway, a mass-trapping program used 600,000 traps to capture several billion beetles, though the program's overall impact on the population remains difficult to quantify.","geography":"Norway","kind":"performance","quote":"In 1979, 600,000 drainpipe traps (Fig. 1) were produced and distributed in the outbreak area in Norway. Guidelines were developed for location of the trap. During 1979, 1980, and 1981 several billion beetles were trapped (Table 1).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.nrs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_ne153/gtr_ne153_371.pdf","substitution":"FO03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo03/","value":"600,000 traps; several billion beetles","year":"1979-1981"},{"claim":"A large-scale experiment in Sweden showed that tree mortality was approximately 30% lower in areas using insecticide-treated, pheromone-baited trap logs compared to reference areas.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"performance","quote":"The recorded tree mortality was ca 30% lower in the trapping areas than in the reference areas.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/ynqbv868nnb","substitution":"FO03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/fo03/","value":"30% lower mortality","year":"2008-2009"},{"claim":"Bio-based solvents like Cyrene have not been taken up on a large scale due to high costs, except for niche applications where superior performance is a technical necessity.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Until then, the bioproduct will never be taken up on a large scale except for niche applications in which the superior performance of the bioproduct is a technical necessity.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/su/d5su00745c","substitution":"I01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i01/","value":"not applicable (no large-scale displacement)","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The market for 2-MeTHF is growing at nearly a 10% annual growth rate, driven by its use as a safer solvent than conventional solvents like tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Meanwhile, driven by its increasing use as a safer solvent than conventional solvents like tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane across various sectors, including pharmaceutical ingredient production, electronics, oil, cosmetic and food sectors, the market for 2-MeTHF ($450 million in 2024) is growing at nearly a 10% annual growth rate to double at $900 million by 2033.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/su/d5su00745c","substitution":"I01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i01/","value":"10% annual growth rate","year":"2024-2033"},{"claim":"Binary mixtures of green solvents (e.g., DMSO/EtOAc, DMSO/DOL, DMSO/2-MeTHF) can replace DMF in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) while maintaining comparable purity profiles.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"We showed that the purity profile is not adversely impacted in binary solvent mixtures when compared with DMF. 2 The identified green binary solvent mixtures were employed for the synthesis of a range of challenging model peptides and peptide therapeutics on a meaningful scale, demonstrating that binary solvent mixtures are viable green alternatives to DMF in SPPS.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.bachem.com/articles/news/company-news/bachem-and-novo-nordisk-redesign-spps-for-green-chemistry/","substitution":"I01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i01/","value":"comparable purity profiles","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The bulk price of Cyrene is significantly higher than that of conventional solvents like DMF, which hinders its large-scale commercial adoption.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"To understand the scope of the challenge, it is helpful to learn that whereas the bulk price of Cyrene on the bulk scale is about $59 per kg (namely $59 000 per t), 15 the current (2025 first quarter) bulk price of DMF varies between $575 per t in China and $1570 per t in the USA.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/su/d5su00745c","substitution":"I01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i01/","value":"$59,000 per t (Cyrene) vs $575-$1,570 per t (DMF)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The market for 2-MeTHF amounted to 4500 tonnes in the early 2020s.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"On the other hand, the substantially lower price of 2-MeTHF derived from furfural, in turn produced on the industrial scale from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose since 1955, created a market for 2-MeTHF that in the early 2020s already amounted to 4500 tonnes.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/su/d5su00745c","substitution":"I01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i01/","value":"4500 tonnes","year":"early 2020s"},{"claim":"A biocatalytic process for simvastatin manufacture was scaled to 400 kg batch size and over 10 metric tons of simvastatin have been produced using this method.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The technology was scaled-up in early 2010 to 400 kg batch size by our first commercial manufacturing partner (who prefers to remain undisclosed). A second API manufacturer (Arch Pharmalabs) was brought on-line in late 2010. Enzyme manufacture has been established at 30,000L scale and over 10 mT simvastatin has now been produced using this biocatalytic process.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.cs.gordon.edu/courses/organic/golum/usepa/pdf%20nominations%202012/Codexis,%20Inc.%20Amended%20(12).pdf","substitution":"I02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i02/","value":"over 10 mT","year":"2010-2012"},{"claim":"In the synthesis of boceprevir, an evolved monoamine oxidase replaced a synthetic resolution step, increasing product yield by 150% and reducing overall process waste (E-factor) by 63.1%.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"By replacing this synthetic step, Merck increased the product yield by 150% and reduced overall process waste (E-factor) by 63.1%, demonstrating the environmental advantages of employing biocatalytic steps in industrial processes (Scheme 40).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/articles/en/10.5802/crchim.408/","substitution":"I02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i02/","value":"150% yield increase, 63.1% waste reduction","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A biocatalytic hydroxylation step in the synthesis of belzutifan replaced five chemical synthesis steps, reducing the process mass intensity (PMI) by 43%.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"This biocatalytic step replaced five chemical synthesis steps reducing the process mass intensity (PMI) by 43%, again illustrating the environmental advantages to employing biocatalysts in industry.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/chimie/articles/en/10.5802/crchim.408/","substitution":"I02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i02/","value":"43% reduction in PMI","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The enzymatic hydration route for acrylamide production accounted for 58.4% of total global bio-based acrylamide market revenues in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The Enzymatic Hydration route dominated in 2025, accounting for $166.5 million, or 58.4% of total market revenues.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/bio-based-acrylamide-via-enzymatic-hydration-market","substitution":"I02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i02/","value":"58.4%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The enzymatic route for Sitagliptin synthesis resulted in 53% higher productivity compared to the previously used chemical process with a Rh-t-Bu-Josiphos catalyst.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Compared to the previously used chemical process with a Rh- t-Bu-Josiphos catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation at high pressure, the enzymatic route resulted in higher overall yield, 53 % higher productivity, reduced total waste and elimination of the transition metal catalyst.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202006648","substitution":"I02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i02/","value":"53% higher productivity","year":"2010-2020 period (contextual)"},{"claim":"Environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) comprise only a small percentage of the total lubricant market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Although their use is increasing, EALs comprise only a small percentage of the total lubricant market.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2020-02/documents/vgp_environmentally_acceptable_lubricants1.pdf","substitution":"I03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i03/","value":"small percentage","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The market share for bio-lubes in the US hydraulic oil sector is estimated to be about 1%.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"The best estimate of the market share for bio-lubes in this sector today is about 1%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://soynewuses.org/wp-content/uploads/MOS_Lubricants2013.pdf","substitution":"I03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i03/","value":"1%","year":"2013"},{"claim":"Biolubricant penetration in the US is around 1.5%, while in Nordic countries it has reached over 5%.","geography":"USA and Nordic countries","kind":"displacement","quote":"For instance, some of the largest biolubricant markets, such as the U.S., display low penetration of biolubricants products—at around 1.5%—while biolubricants consumption in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway) in Europe has already reached over 5% (see Figure 2).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.stle.org/files/TLTArchives/2020/09_September/Market_Trends.aspx","substitution":"I03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i03/","value":"1.5% (US), \u003e5% (Nordic)","year":"2019"},{"claim":"Biodegradable oils have a share in the range of 15-20% in the German mobile hydraulics fluid market.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"With biodegradable oils (both biobased and others) having a share in the range of 15-20% in the German mobile hydraulics fluid market (see fig. 1 ), mineral fluids are omnipresent, and there are many opportunities for contamination of bio-oil with mineral oil.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/vfk1b1952rb","substitution":"I03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i03/","value":"15-20%","year":"2010"},{"claim":"Biodegradable hydraulic fluids can cost 1.3 to 4.3 times more than comparable mineral oil products.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"For commercial vessels, relative pricing information for Gulf Oil marine lubricants reveals that costs for biolubricants advertised (synthetic gear oil, compressor oil, and coolant oil, the three synthetic lubricants), ranged from approximately 1.3-2.5 times (coolant oil) to 3.5-4.3 times (gear oil and compressor oil) the cost for comparable mineral oil products (Gulf Marine, 2010).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2020-02/documents/vgp_environmentally_acceptable_lubricants1.pdf","substitution":"I03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i03/","value":"1.3-4.3 times the cost","year":"2010"},{"claim":"Key drivers for the switch include regulatory mandates, performance requirements, and environmental awareness.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Compliance with regulatory mandates, performance requirements and competitive prices are three key purchasing determinants when selecting a biolubricant product; however, the key selling point will vary across countries and regions.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.stle.org/files/TLTArchives/2020/09_September/Market_Trends.aspx","substitution":"I03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i03/","value":"regulatory mandates, performance, price","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Continuous injection of nitrate replaced glutaraldehyde as the corrosion and souring control method at the Veslefrikk and Gullfaks oil fields in the North Sea in 1999.","geography":"North Sea","kind":"displacement","quote":"Continuous injection of a low nitrate concentration (0.25-0.33 mM) replaced glutaraldehyde as corrosion and souring control at the Veslefrikk and Gullfaks oil Weld (North Sea) in 1999.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/fnd1z0wwnx0","substitution":"I04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i04/","value":"1999","year":"1999"},{"claim":"At the Gullfaks field, a reduction in corrosion of up to 40% was observed after switching from biocide treatment to nitrate treatment.","geography":"North Sea","kind":"performance","quote":"At the Gullfaks Weld, a reduction in corrosion of up to 40% was observed after switch to nitrate treatment.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/fnd1z0wwnx0","substitution":"I04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i04/","value":"40%","year":"2008"},{"claim":"Field-wide nitrate injection in an Alberta oil field resulted in a 70% drop of aqueous sulphide within the first 5 weeks of treatment.","geography":"Alberta, Canada","kind":"performance","quote":"Field-wide nitrate injection gave a 70% drop of aqueous sulphide within the first 5 weeks, after which the concentration recovered somewhat for the next 20 weeks.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/fwcqlxvwmwf","substitution":"I04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i04/","value":"70%","year":"2009"},{"claim":"In one well pair in the Skjold field, nitrate injection achieved an 80% reduction in H2S production.","geography":"Danish sector of the North Sea","kind":"performance","quote":"In one well pair with a short breakthrough time a reduction in H2S production of some 80 % was achieved.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/tz3rbk31l65","substitution":"I04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i04/","value":"80%","year":"2002"},{"claim":"Elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching has become the main method for pulp bleaching and currently accounts for over 80% of the world production of bleached pulp.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"As the ECF process was refined, it eventually became the main method and currently accounts for over 80% of the world production of bleached pulp.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://thecpi.org.uk/library/PDF/Public/Publications/Fact%20Sheets/FS_ECF_TCF.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"over 80%","year":"current"},{"claim":"In the United States, 90% of active mills had completely switched to ECF by 2002.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2002, 90% of active mills had completely switched [to ECF] (Beca AMEC, 2013a).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/documents/2020-03.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"90%","year":"2002"},{"claim":"In Japan, about 90% of bleached pulp is produced by ECF bleaching.","geography":"Japan","kind":"displacement","quote":"About 90% of Japanese bleached pulp is currently produced by ECF bleaching.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/p3m0z7ry0zs","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"about 90%","year":"2012"},{"claim":"Enzymatic prebleaching can reduce total chlorine dioxide demand by around 15% and AOX levels in bleach effluent by 25 to 28%.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"The major benefits of this technology were 15% chlorine dioxide reduction, 25 to 28% AOX reduction in bleach effluents, and 30 to 40% PC number reduction.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/BioRes_07/BioRes_07_2_2220_Thakur_JM_Xylanase_Laccase_Prebleach_Reduc_CEH_ECF_1180.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"15% chlorine dioxide reduction, 25 to 28% AOX reduction","year":"2012"},{"claim":"Public pressure played a larger role than environmental regulation in the development and diffusion of ECF and TCF technologies.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Using patent data on technologies designed to reduce dioxin from the pulp bleaching process in Canada, Finland, Japan, Sweden and the United States, Popp et al. (2011) find public pressure played a larger role than environmental regulation in the development and diffusion of ECF and TCF technologies.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-12/documents/2020-03.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"public pressure","year":"2011"},{"claim":"In the United States, ECF bleaching accounted for approximately 33% of BCP production in 1994, rising to 57% in 1998.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the United States, ECF bleaching accounted for approximately 33% of BCP production in 1994,rising to 57% in 1998.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/artigos/2000_CIADICYP_Emerging%2BTechnologies.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"33% to 57%","year":"1994-1998"},{"claim":"For the world, ECF bleaching accounted for 36% of BCP production in 1994, rising to 54% in 1998.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The corresponding figures for Canada are 50% and 76%, and for the world, 36% and 54%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.eucalyptus.com.br/artigos/2000_CIADICYP_Emerging%2BTechnologies.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"36% to 54%","year":"1994-1998"},{"claim":"ECF bleaching is the dominating technology, having a market share of 87% of the bleached kraft pulp capacity worldwide.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Nowadays, elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching, using chlorine dioxide (ClO2), is the dominating technology, having a market share of 87% of the bleached kraft pulp capacity worldwide (Fisher Solve 2011).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nouryon.com/globalassets/inriver/resources/paper-technical-environmental-systems-analysis-of-alternative-chlorine-dioxide.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"87%","year":"2011"},{"claim":"TCF bleaching has a market share of only 3% of the bleached kraft pulp capacity worldwide.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Total elemental chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching has a market share of only 3% and about 10% of the bleached kraft pulp is still bleached using chlorine or hypo chlorite.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nouryon.com/globalassets/inriver/resources/paper-technical-environmental-systems-analysis-of-alternative-chlorine-dioxide.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"3%","year":"2011"},{"claim":"About 10% of the bleached kraft pulp is still bleached using chlorine or hypochlorite.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Total elemental chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching has a market share of only 3% and about 10% of the bleached kraft pulp is still bleached using chlorine or hypo chlorite.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nouryon.com/globalassets/inriver/resources/paper-technical-environmental-systems-analysis-of-alternative-chlorine-dioxide.pdf","substitution":"I05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i05/","value":"10%","year":"2011"},{"claim":"Microbial biosurfactants currently account for a very small portion of the global surfactant market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The market framework shows that today's revenue-related shares of microbial biosurfactants are very low.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2023/su/d3su00122a","substitution":"I06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/","value":"4%mass_Global","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Biosurfactant production costs are currently significantly higher than those of synthetic surfactants.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"However, current biosurfactant production costs, ranging from 5 to 20 USD/kg, cannot compete effectively with synthetic surfactants, averaging approximately 2 USD/kg, necessitating comprehensive process improvements to achieve commercial viability.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/9/2811","substitution":"I06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/","value":"5 to 20 USD/kg vs 2 USD/kg","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Drivers for the switch to green surfactants include strict government regulations on environmental impact and increasing consumer demand for sustainable products.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"A further factor driving the global market for green surfactants is the strict government laws on the use of chemicals that may have a harmful impact on the environment.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.3c00591","substitution":"I06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/","value":"government laws and consumer demand","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In Europe, detergent manufacturers have achieved 45% bio-surfactant integration, compared to 18% in North America.","geography":"Europe and North America","kind":"displacement","quote":"Regional regulatory frameworks accelerate adoption disparities, with EU detergent manufacturers achieving 45% bio-surfactant integration versus 18% in North America, driven by differential biodegradability standards.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pmarketresearch.com/chemi/bio-based-surfactant-market/","substitution":"I06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/","value":"45% in Europe, 18% in North America","year":"2024"},{"claim":"As of early 2025, 61% of global linear alkylbenzene (LAB) plants have begun incorporating renewable feedstocks.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Based on early-2025 disclosures, 61% of global LAB plants have begun incorporating renewable feedstocks due to the EU’s 2024 non-biodegradable surfactant ban and detergent brand commitments.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.usdanalytics.com/industry-reports/anionic-surfactant-market","substitution":"I06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/","value":"61%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Bio-based variants capture 18% of the global industrial cleaners market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Industrial cleaning applications demonstrate robust uptake, with bio-based variants capturing 18% of the global industrial cleaners market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pmarketresearch.com/chemi/bio-based-surfactant-market/","substitution":"I06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/","value":"18%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Bio-based variants now constitute 35% of Clariant’s overall surfactant revenue, up from 19% in 2019.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"This geography-specific approach helps mitigate price sensitivity; bio-based variants now constitute 35% of Clariant’s overall surfactant revenue, up from 19% in 2019.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pmarketresearch.com/chemi/bio-based-surfactant-market/","substitution":"I06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i06/","value":"35% (up from 19%)","year":"2019-2024"},{"claim":"The inclusion of enzymes in global detergent powder SKUs increased from approximately 18% in 2019 to over 31% in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"According to leading enzyme manufacturers such as Novozymes and DSM-Firmenich, enzyme inclusion in laundry powder formulations has grown from approximately 18% of global powder SKUs in 2019 to over 31% in 2025, reflecting a rapid mainstreaming of enzyme technology beyond the premium tier.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/detergent-powder-market","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"18% in 2019 to over 31% in 2025","year":"2019-2025"},{"claim":"Enzymes can compensate for the performance loss caused by reducing surfactant levels by 30% to 45% in laundry detergents.","geography":"Latin America","kind":"performance","quote":"The results also show that adding a blend of five enzymes to the detergent and reducing the surfactant with 30% or 45% more than compensates for the lost total performance.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://backend.novonesis.com/sites/default/files/document/2025-10/HHC_Laundry_Biological%20detergent%20_surfactan_replacement_LA_powder_digital.pdf","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"30% or 45% reduction in surfactant","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Reducing surfactant use by 30% and adding a multi-enzyme blend can result in 10% savings on overall formulation cost.","geography":"Latin America","kind":"economics","quote":"In the 30% surfactant reduction case for instance, we are able to add five different enzymes, i.e., protease, amylase, lipase, mannanase and cellulase, compared to only one enzyme in conventional detergent, but still arrive at 10% savings on overall formulation cost.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://backend.novonesis.com/sites/default/files/document/2025-10/HHC_Laundry_Biological%20detergent%20_surfactan_replacement_LA_powder_digital.pdf","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"10% savings","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The shift toward enzyme-based detergents is driven by the need for effective cleaning at lower temperatures to reduce energy consumption and environmental impact.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Enzymes are becoming critically important in detergent powder formulations because they enable highly effective stain removal at lower wash temperatures, reducing consumer energy bills and environmental impact per laundry cycle.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/detergent-powder-market","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"lower wash temperatures","year":"2034 (forecast period)"},{"claim":"The share of phosphate-containing detergents in Central Western Europe decreased year-on-year by 16%.","geography":"Central Western Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"The share of phosphate containing detergents has decreased year-on-year by 16% in Central Western Europe","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.slideserve.com/lucky/stpp-replacement-in-laundry-detergents-freedom-to-formulate-with-multi-enzyme-solutions","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"16%","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"The average laundry washing temperature across Europe was 46°C in 2002, down from 48°C in 1997.","geography":"Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"The average wash temperature across Europe was 46°C in 2002 (down from 48°C in 1997).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://iprefer30.eu/component/attachments/attachments?id=244\u0026task=download","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"48°C to 46°C","year":"1997-2002"},{"claim":"The average temperature for washing in Europe in 2020 was 42.4°C.","geography":"Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"The average temperature for washing in Europe in 2020 was 42.4°C.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://amfep.org/_library/_files/AMFEP_env_info_sheet_-_Detergent_applications_-_FINAL_(JAN2023).pdf","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"42.4°C","year":"2020"},{"claim":"The EU-25 market share of phosphate-free laundry detergents was 66% as of the 2006 report.","geography":"EU-25","kind":"displacement","quote":"EU-25 | 456.0 | 66 |","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52007DC0234","substitution":"I07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/i07/","value":"66%","year":"2006"},{"claim":"Seaweed-based additives like Asparagopsis taxiformis have demonstrated significant potential to reduce enteric methane emissions in beef and dairy cattle in experimental settings.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The persistent reduction of CH 4 by A. taxiformis supplementation suggests that this is a viable feed additive to significantly decrease the carbon footprint of ruminant livestock and potentially increase production efficiency.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0247820","substitution":"LE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le01/","value":"up to 80-99% reduction in methane yield in experimental trials","year":"2021-2026"},{"claim":"Organic dairy producers in Maine expressed willingness to pay an average of 0.64 USD per cow daily for a methane-reducing algal-based feed, provided it offers co-benefits for cattle health and performance.","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"Producers who were willing to pay 0.64 USD/cow/d on average for a CH4-reducing algal-based feed, also stated the need for co-benefits in terms of cattle health and performance as a requirement for adoption.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/vrmx46wt7md","substitution":"LE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le01/","value":"0.64 USD/cow/d","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Organic dairy producers prioritize methane-reducing innovations only when mandated by buyers, when health co-benefits compensate for costs, or when consumers pay a premium.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"However, organic dairy producers are already operating at low profit margins and seem willing to prioritize CH4-reducing innovations only when mandated by their contracted milk buyers, when the animal health co-benefits compensate them for the additional expense, or when climate conscious consumers are willing to pay a premium for their product.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/vrmx46wt7md","substitution":"LE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le01/","value":"not applicable","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Sea Forest Limited has agreements to supplement approximately 123,000 head of livestock with its seaweed-based additive, SeaFeed.","geography":"Australia","kind":"driver","quote":"Following finalising the agreement with Avondale Ag, Sea Forest now has approximately 123,000 head of livestock under agreement to be supplemented with SeaFeed, demonstrating strong adoption of the product across Australian livestock farms.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://financialfilings.com/filings/sea-forest-limited/regulatory-filings/2026/38153172/","substitution":"LE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le01/","value":"123,000 head of livestock","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Asparagopsis spp. contributes only a fraction of a percent to total global seaweed production.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Yet, in 2021, total seaweed production was estimated only at 36.3 million tons 51 largely from aquaculture of kelp in Asia, with Asparagopsis spp. contributing a fraction of a percent.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://preview-www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-18322-1","substitution":"LE01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le01/","value":"fraction of a percent","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Sulfuric acid slurry acidification has been applied commercially in Denmark since 2003, with approximately 18-20% of all Danish animal slurry being acidified by 2014-2015.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"displacement","quote":"Acidification with H2SO4has been applied commercially in Denmark at farm scale since 2003 using automatic dosing systems in either slurry storage tanks or field application equipment. In 2014, approximately 18% of all Danish animal slurry was acidified (Vestergaard, 2014).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589014X2200192X","substitution":"LE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le02/","value":"18-20% of Danish slurry in 2014-2015","year":"2014-2015"},{"claim":"Sulfuric acid acidification reduces ammonia emissions by 49-70% and methane emissions by up to 87-96% depending on the application method and slurry type.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Traditionalacidificationof slurry usingsulfuric acid(H2SO4) reduces NH3volatilisation by up to 70% by lowering the pH to 5.5, and has also been proven to reduce methane (CH4) emissions by up to 87% (Petersen et al., 2012).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589014X2200192X","substitution":"LE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le02/","value":"up to 70% NH3 reduction and up to 87-96% CH4 reduction","year":"2012-2022"},{"claim":"Field acidification is estimated to cost 0.86 Euro per cubic meter of slurry, compared to 1.06 Euro per cubic meter for barn and storage acidification.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"The Danish SEGES, has estimated cost for barn-and storage acidification at 1.06 Euro pr. m3 and field acidification at 0.86 Euro pr. m3 (Status, economy and considerations by acidification of slurry -Erik Sindhoj -RISE, 11.) not including value of acidification as a fertilizer.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/vygj1l1147j","substitution":"LE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le02/","value":"0.86-1.06 Euro per m3","year":"2019"},{"claim":"The adoption of slurry acidification in Denmark was driven by national environmental regulations, including the Gothenburg protocol and requirements to reduce ammonia emissions, as well as the economic benefit of using sulfuric acid as a sulfur fertilizer.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Due to the risk of NH 3 emission, Denmark has in accordance to the Goteborg protocol, been obligated to reduce the NH 3 emission by approx. 20.000 tons (or 24% of the 2005 emission) within the year 2020 (Gothenburg protocol, 2005).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/vygj1l1147j","substitution":"LE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le02/","value":"Gothenburg protocol and national environmental requirements","year":"2005-2017"},{"claim":"In 2012, approximately 10% of Danish slurry was acidified, and by 2015, this figure had increased to 20%.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2012 approximately 10% and in 2015 20% of the Danish slurry was acidified, where 50% was acidified using the SyreN field acidification technology.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.biocover.dk/CustomerData/Files/Folders/1017-pdf-uk/4132_scientific-assessment-on-field-acidification-using-broadcast.pdf","substitution":"LE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le02/","value":"10% in 2012 and 20% in 2015","year":"2012-2015"},{"claim":"The share of Danish slurry acidified using the SyreN technology grew from approximately 4% in 2011 to 14% in 2015.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2011 approximately 4% of the Danish slurry was acidified using the SyreN acidification technology, in 2015 this had grown to 14%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/vygj1l1147j","substitution":"LE02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/le02/","value":"4% in 2011 and 14% in 2015","year":"2011-2015"},{"claim":"The BIOX process has been in commercial operation for over 20 years and is a mature, worldwide recognized technology for the pretreatment of refractory gold concentrates.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The BIOX® process for the pretreatment of refractory gold concentrates has been in commercial operation for the last 20 years.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"http://saimm.co.za/Conferences/Hydro2009/167-176_vNiekerk.pdf","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"4,507 tons per day of concentrate treatment capacity","year":"2009"},{"claim":"Compared to roasting, bio-leaching can generally reduce capital costs by 12–20%, operating costs by 10% in some cases, and construction time by 25%.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Compared to roasting, bio-leaching can generally reduce capital costs by 12–20%, operating costs by 10% in some cases, and construction time by 25%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.journalssystem.com/ppmp/pdf-79676-15729?filename=Bacterial+leaching+as+a.pdf","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"12–20% capital cost reduction, 10% operating cost reduction, 25% construction time reduction","year":"1995"},{"claim":"Bio-leaching is currently the process of choice for only 20% of the refractory gold treatment plants worldwide.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In spite of numerous advantages of bacterial leaching, it is currently the process of choice for only 20% of the refractory gold treatment plants worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.journalssystem.com/ppmp/pdf-79676-15729?filename=Bacterial+leaching+as+a.pdf","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"20%","year":"1995"},{"claim":"Biooxidation does not require high energy consumption and complex equipment, and allows one to avoid toxic gas emissions when arsenic-containing concentrates are processed.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"STRB has some advantages over other technologies (roasting, pressure oxidation); it does not require high energy consumption and complex equipment, and allows one to avoid toxic gas emissions when arsenic-containing concentrates are processed [1,2,3,4,5].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11678047/","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"avoid toxic gas emissions","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Since 1986, 22 bacterial oxidation plants have been built, compared to 9 roasting plants and 9 pressure oxidation plants.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Number of refractory gold plants built since 1986: Roasting – 9 Pressure Oxidation – 9 Bacterial Oxidation - 22","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://www.saimm.co.za/images/eventgalleries/Zim_2017/J%20Mungoshi.pdf","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"22 bacterial oxidation plants vs 9 roasting and 9 pressure oxidation plants","year":"1986-2015"},{"claim":"Bio-oxidation plants produce approximately 5% of the total mine gold globally.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"They produce approximately 5% of the total mine gold by bio-oxidation process [10] .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/3sq6t28tr96","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"5%","year":"current"},{"claim":"In 2020, BIOX plants produced approximately 1.1 million ounces of gold, equivalent to 0.9% of global gold production.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Approximately 1.1 million ounces was produced by BIOX ® plants in 2020, equivalent to 0.9% of global gold production that year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-022-12085-9","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"0.9%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Polyus reported production of over 30 tonnes of gold through the BIONORD process at Olimpiada in 2019, representing about 0.83% of global gold production that year.","geography":"Russia","kind":"performance","quote":"Polyus reported production of over 30 tonnes of gold through the BIONORD process at Olimpiada in 2019, representing about 0.83% of global gold production that year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-022-12085-9","substitution":"M01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m01/","value":"0.83%","year":"2019"},{"claim":"In Chile, the transition to chloride-based leaching and a shift toward concentrate production has led to a dramatic decline in copper cathode production attributable to bioleaching, with one example showing a 98% reduction at a specific site.","geography":"Chile","kind":"displacement","quote":"For example, at Carmen de Andacollo in Chile, copper cathode production has declined from 58,000 tonnes/year to only 1000 t/year as the switch has been made to primarily concentrate production. This 98% reduction can likely be extended across the industry.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-022-12085-9","substitution":"M02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/","value":"98% reduction","year":"2016-2022 period"},{"claim":"Heap bioleaching capital costs for certain ore grades are estimated to be 50% of conventional smelting or refining operation costs.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"The economic advantages of microbial process in extraction of metals from low-grade deposits are summarized as follows: ... (ii) bioleaching is considered as more environmentally friendly process than conventional physical-chemical techniques (roasting and smelting) due to lower energy consumption, no sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas emission 1) and no biowastes ... The capital cost of heap bioleaching depends on the ore grade and total cash cost was calculated as 109.6 US$/ton for ore grade of 0.4%, 64.9 US$/ton for 1.2%, which accounts for 50% of conventional smelting or refining operation cases 7).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/1929724/p001.pdf","substitution":"M02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/","value":"50% of conventional smelting or refining operation costs","year":"2017"},{"claim":"The shift away from bioleaching in Chile has been driven by changes in copper mineralogy toward refractory primary sulfides, water scarcity, and the need to use brackish or seawater, which is toxic to many bioleaching microorganisms.","geography":"Chile","kind":"driver","quote":"The change in copper mineralogy towards refractory primary mineral sulfides such as chalcopyrite with increasing depth in porphyry copper ore deposits coupled with water scarcity (and local community concerns to assure water quality) has also driven a transition to the use of brackish water or even sea water to leach copper... This is a significant change that has an existential impact on bioleaching as a processing alternative, since it has been widely demonstrated that chloride has a toxic effect on many classes of acidophilic bioleaching microorganisms.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-022-12085-9","substitution":"M02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/","value":"not applicable","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The adoption of solvent extraction–electrowinning (SX-EW) technology has increased refined copper from leaching ores from less than 1% of global output in the late 1960s to 17.4% in 2024.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The adoption of solvent extraction–electrowinning (SX-EW) technology has lifted refined copper from leaching ores from less than 1% of global output in the late 1960s to 17.4% in 2024.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://icsg.org/download/2025-10-the-world-copper-factbook/?filename=Factbook2025.pdf\u0026ind=68ece711240a5\u0026refresh=68ece7507eb111760356176\u0026wpdmdl=8908","substitution":"M02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/","value":"17.4%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"It was estimated that as much as 42% of Chilean copper production from SX-EW in 2010 was attributable to bioleaching.","geography":"Chile","kind":"displacement","quote":"It was estimated that as much as 42% of Chilean copper production from SX-EW in 2010 was attributable to bioleaching (Schippers et al. 2014).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-022-12085-9","substitution":"M02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/","value":"42%","year":"2010"},{"claim":"Nowadays, 10% of copper production in Chile has been contributed by bioleaching operation.","geography":"Chile","kind":"displacement","quote":"Nowadays, 10% of copper production in Chile has been contributed by bioleaching operation.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/6/1/23","substitution":"M02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/","value":"10%","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Worldwide, about 20% of Cu is extracted using bioleaching.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Worldwide, about 20% of Cu is extracted using bioleaching [51,52].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/8/2/32","substitution":"M02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m02/","value":"20%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"A pilot-scale passive bioreactor demonstrated a unit processing cost 2.6 times lower than that of an active lime treatment system at a legacy mine in Japan.","geography":"Japan","kind":"economics","quote":"Furthermore, the unit processing cost of the passive system (37.91 JPY/m³) is 2.6 times lower than that of the active system (99.5 JPY/m³), underscoring its economic viability.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2025/IMWA2025_Tum_1099.pdf","substitution":"M03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m03/","value":"37.91 JPY/m³ vs 99.5 JPY/m³","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Passive treatment systems typically have lower operational costs than active treatment systems, with reported costs of $0.3–$0.4 per kg of metal removed compared to $0.7–$1 per kg for active treatment.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Cost of operation: Relatively Low ($0.3–$0.4/kg of metal removed)∗ | Relatively high (($0.7–$1/kg of metal removed)∗","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9488087/","substitution":"M03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m03/","value":"$0.3–$0.4/kg vs $0.7–$1/kg","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In France, reed-bed filters are used in more than 5,800 municipal wastewater treatment plants as of 2023, primarily for communities below 1,000 population equivalent.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"A 2023 public expert article by Gourdon and Gautier stated that reed-bed filters equip more than 5,000 wastewater treatment plants in France; recent expert data place the municipal treatment-wetland stock above 5,800 by 2023, mostly for communities below 1,000 PE (4, 12).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.globalwettech.com/images/pdf/GWT_White_Paper_Resilience_through_Nature_France_with_photos_APPENDIX_Orhei.pdf","substitution":"M03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m03/","value":"\u003e5,800 plants","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In China, the ratio of constructed wetland capacity to total wastewater treatment plant capacity increased from 0.06% in 2003 to 0.83% in 2010.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"In China, the ratio of CW capacity to wastewater treatment plant capacity increased from 0.06% in 2003 to 0.83% in 2010, with this ratio showing a continually increasing trend.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l7fl1tcxj8c","substitution":"M03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/m03/","value":"0.06% to 0.83%","year":"2003-2010"},{"claim":"A field trial in Spain demonstrated that a biostimulant treatment allowed for a 20% reduction in fertilizer units in processing tomatoes without significant differences in gross yield compared to the standard control.","geography":"Spain","kind":"displacement","quote":"Tesis PENERGETIC: 127 N, 72 P, 137 K y 45 Ca. 20% reduction in fertilizer units compared to the CTAEX control. ... The highest value was observed for the thesis treated with PENERGETIC products, although, no significant differences were found between the two theses (P\u003e0.05).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.penergetic.com/fileadmin/user_upload/www.penergetic.com/referenzen/penergetic_p/CTAEX_tomato_20__fertilizer_reduction/Ctaex_study_tomatoes_20__red_fertilizer_Spain_2021_English.pdf","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"20% reduction in fertilizer units","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Field trials in the Australian strawberry industry showed that seaweed extract application increased root growth by 38%, fruit yields by 8%, and reduced fruit rots by 11%.","geography":"Australia","kind":"performance","quote":"A series of fi eld trials conducted in the strawberry nursery and fruit sectors in Victoria showed that application of a seaweed extract increased the root growth of strawberry plants by 38%, runner and fruit yields by 8% and reduced fruit rots by 11%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.seasol.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Seasol-increase-root-growth-and-yield-of-strawberry-plants-July-2018-Simply-Red-Strawberry-Industry-Magazine..pdf","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"38%, 8%, 11%","year":"2013-2018"},{"claim":"The global adoption of seaweed extracts is driven by the increasing cost of synthetic fertilizers, the need to buffer against climate-induced crop stress, and the withdrawal of many agrichemicals.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The adoption of seaweed extracts is growing rapidly on a global scale, due mostly to the increasing cost of synthetic fertilisers, the need to buffer against crop stress caused by climate variability, and the withdrawal of many agrichemicals, particularly in Europe.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.seasol.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Seasol-increase-root-growth-and-yield-of-strawberry-plants-July-2018-Simply-Red-Strawberry-Industry-Magazine..pdf","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Over 65% of farmers globally are adopting biostimulants to enhance crop resilience and yield performance.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Key Market Driver: Over 65 % of farmers globally are adopting biostimulants to enhance crop resilience and yield performance.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/biostimulant-market-125173","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"65%","year":"2026-2035 report period"},{"claim":"Biostimulants are adopted in 28% of global farms, up from 22% in 2020.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Biostimulants are adopted in 28% of global farms, up from 22% in 2020.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://worldmetrics.org/biostimulant-industry-statistics/","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"28% (up from 22% in 2020)","year":"2026 report period"},{"claim":"36% of U.S. crop producers applied biostimulants to enhance nutrient uptake and soil health in 2023.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2023), 36% of U.S. crop producers applied biostimulants to enhance nutrient uptake and soil health in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/biostimulant-market-125173","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"36%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"29% of EU organic farms used biostimulants in 2023 to improve crop yield and resilience.","geography":"European Union","kind":"displacement","quote":"According to the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Agriculture (DG AGRI, 2023), 29% of EU organic farms used biostimulants in 2023 to improve crop yield and resilience.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/biostimulant-market-125173","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"29%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"China’s Zero Growth Action Plan for Chemical Fertilizers has reduced synthetic nitrogen use by 8% since 2020.","geography":"China","kind":"displacement","quote":"China’s Zero Growth Action Plan for Chemical Fertilizers has reduced synthetic nitrogen use by 8 % since 2020, while increasing biostimulant imports by 15 % annually, as reported by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/biostimulants-market","substitution":"NU01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu01/","value":"8% reduction in synthetic nitrogen use","year":"since 2020"},{"claim":"In a European study on durum wheat, the use of nitrogen-fixing bacteria allowed for a 30% reduction in mineral nitrogen fertilizer without resulting in yield loss.","geography":"Spain (University of Córdoba)","kind":"performance","quote":"Treatment T2, with 30% less nitrogen fertiliser and bacterial application, produced 8.8% more ears per square metre than the T1 control with full fertilisation. In terms of grain yield, T2 exceeded T1 by 166 kg/ha, although the difference was not statistically significant, confirming that a 30% reduction in mineral nitrogen does not result in yield loss when nitrogen-fixing bacteria are used.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.uco.es/investigacion/proyectos/lifeinnocereal/en/life-innocereal-eu-confirms-that-soil-bacteria-reduce-the-need-for-nitrogen-fertiliser-in-durum-wheat-by-30-per-cent-and-improve-profitability/","substitution":"NU02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu02/","value":"30% reduction in mineral nitrogen fertilizer","year":"2021/22 and 2022/23 agricultural seasons"},{"claim":"A commercial application of the microbial nitrogen fixer PROVEN40 on 4.7 million acres in the USA resulted in a reduction of 49,000 tons of synthetic nitrogen use.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"On 4.7 million acres, PROVEN40 reduced the synthetic nitrogen use by 49,000 tons, GHG emission by 12,000 tons CO2e, the amount of water used by more than 334 million gallons, and the amount of nitrate loss due to runoff by more than 51,000 tons (Figure A1).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w34858/w34858.pdf","substitution":"NU02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu02/","value":"49,000 tons of synthetic nitrogen reduced on 4.7 million acres","year":"2024 (reported)"},{"claim":"Microbial bioinputs can allow for 20-30 kg N ha-1 less fertilizer without yield loss in suitable environments.","geography":"global/multi-country","kind":"performance","quote":"The center panel illustrates how microbial bioinputs, such as Azospirillum and other plant growth-promoting bacteria, enhance root development, nutrient uptake, and nitrogen-use efficiency, allowing 20-30 kg N ha -¹ less fertilizer without yield loss.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/5p5c5dvzss6","substitution":"NU02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu02/","value":"20-30 kg N ha-1 less fertilizer","year":"2026 (context)"},{"claim":"In Brazil, inoculants currently cover 85% of the planted area for soybean crops in the 2022/2023 harvest.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"In soybean crops, inoculants currently cover 85% of the planted area in the 2022/2023 harvest, and co-inoculation (joint use of Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum) has reached 35% of the crop area in the country, demonstrating significant advancement in this management practice.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sciopen.com/local/article_pdf/10.1016/j.jia.2025.09.013.pdf","substitution":"NU02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu02/","value":"85%","year":"2022/2023"},{"claim":"In Brazil, inoculants for corn cultivation extend to more than 22% of the planted area.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"In corn cultivation, inoculants extend to more than 22% of the planted area, showing steady progress across harvests (Alves et al. 2003)","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sciopen.com/local/article_pdf/10.1016/j.jia.2025.09.013.pdf","substitution":"NU02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu02/","value":"22%","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"In the Brazilian inoculant market, soybeans represent 75% of the market share, corn represents 16%, and sugarcane represents 4%.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The survey also shows that, although soybeans still lead the consumption of inoculants, with 75% of the market share, corn already represents 16% of the market, followed by sugarcane with 4%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://mmcereais.com.br/en/2025/soja/apos-revolucao-na-soja-gramineas-sao-novo-foco-estrategico-para-os-inoculantes-biologicos/","substitution":"NU02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu02/","value":"75% (soybeans), 16% (corn), 4% (sugarcane)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Current European digestate production has the technical potential to replace more than 16% of mineral nitrogen fertilizers, up to 30% of phosphorus, and 10% of potassium demand in European agriculture.","geography":"Europe","kind":"displacement","quote":"Such production volumes could technically replace more than 16% of mineral nitrogen fertilisers used in European agriculture, alongside up to 30% of phosphorus and 10% of potassium demand.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://www.europeanbiogas.eu/news/new-report-positions-digestate-at-the-heart-of-europes-fertiliser-resilience-and-circular-economy-ambitions/","substitution":"NU03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu03/","value":"\u003e16% of mineral N, up to 30% of P, 10% of K","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Insect frass and various bio-based fertilizers have demonstrated mineral fertilizer replacement values (MFRVs) often exceeding 100% in field and pot trials, indicating they can effectively substitute for mineral P fertilizers.","geography":"Europe/Canada (trials)","kind":"performance","quote":"In conclusion, most tested BBFs have the potential to replace conventional inorganic P fertilisers across a range of European soils and climate.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/9/2019","substitution":"NU03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu03/","value":"MFRVs of 150-180% (frass) and 80-125% (BBFs)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Rising synthetic fertilizer prices linked to natural gas costs have driven increased interest in bio-based fertilizers as a cost-effective alternative.","geography":"US/Europe","kind":"driver","quote":"Recent supply chain disruptions and limited access to natural gas have led to a surge in synthetic fertiliser prices, dramatically increasing production costs and food prices (Alexander et al., 2023). These events, combined with the depletion of fossil-fuel reserves (Welsby et al., 2021), have spurred a renewed interest in the circular economy and organic waste valorisation to produce biobased fertilisers (BBFs)","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.nutri2cycle.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Reuland-2024_Digestate-in-replacement-of-synthetic-fertilisers-a-comparative-3year-field-study-of-the-crop-performance-and-soil-residual-nitrates-in-West-Flanders.pdf","substitution":"NU03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu03/","value":"42% increase in nitrogen fertilizer costs per unit between 2015 and 2022","year":"2015-2022"},{"claim":"Struvite recovery from wastewater currently accounts for approximately 0.5% of fertilizer phosphorus imports to the EU.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"Current replacement of fertilizer P imports to the EU by struvite account for 0.5%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.susfert.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-SUSFERT_A-systematic-comparison-of-commercially-produced-struvite.-Quantities-qualities-and-soil-maize-phosphorus-availability.pdf","substitution":"NU04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu04/","value":"0.5%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Struvite and other bio-based fertilizers showed mean mineral replacement values of 80–125% compared to triple superphosphate in field experiments.","geography":"Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite), dicalcium phosphate and phytate-based fertilisers performed best across all field experiments (mean mineral replacement values of 80 – 125 %).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/xnw7f3dl1p9","substitution":"NU04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu04/","value":"80 – 125 %","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Struvite is currently marketed at prices ranging from €0–100 per ton to as high as €1000 per ton, often lower than the estimated market value of its macronutrients.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Furthermore, our research shows that struvite is currently mainly marketed at values between €0–100 per ton, but also at considerably higher prices of €350 per ton (Phoshorgreen) to €1000 (Pearl) per ton.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.susfert.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-SUSFERT_A-systematic-comparison-of-commercially-produced-struvite.-Quantities-qualities-and-soil-maize-phosphorus-availability.pdf","substitution":"NU04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu04/","value":"€0–100 per ton to €1000 per ton","year":"2020"},{"claim":"The switch to recovered phosphorus is driven by the need for phosphorus security, circularity, and potential environmental benefits such as reducing cadmium accumulation in soil.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"The manufacturing and use of recycled P products evaluated in this manuscript could partially substitute mineral P fertilisers, offering not only benefits in terms of P security via circularity, but also potential environmental benefits.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://repositum.tuwien.at/bitstream/20.500.12708/190488/1/Serrano-Gomez-2023-Journal%20of%20Cleaner%20Production-vor.pdf","substitution":"NU04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu04/","value":"","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Struvite recovery from wastewater currently covers only 0.1% of EU agriculture’s phosphorus demand.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"It covers only 0.1% of EU agriculture’s phosphorus demand (2).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://fer-play.eu/blog/sustainability-assessment/the-road-to-market-uptake-of-circular-fertilisers-the-case-of-struvite/","substitution":"NU04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu04/","value":"0.1%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Struvite production in the European Union in 2020 accounted for 0.5% of the total phosphorus theoretically contained in EU wastewater or 0.06-0.07% of the EU phosphorus imported for fertilizer use in 2017.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"This corresponds to 0.5% of the total P theoretically contained in EU wastewater or 0.06-0.07% of the EU P imported for fertilizer use in 2017 (estimated based on a population of 508 million in EU-28, a discharge of 1.2 g P/person/day and an import of 1.725 million ton P/year (FAO, 2020)).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/n5kcv7872zh","substitution":"NU04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/nu04/","value":"0.06-0.07%","year":"2017-2020"},{"claim":"The use of antagonistic yeasts as a post-harvest treatment is a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides, but only a limited number of these agents have successfully transitioned into commercial products.","geography":"","kind":"displacement","quote":"In this sense, several studies reported the positive effect of the use of the antagonistic yeast in the biocontrol of the post-harvest fungal diseases, but only a lim ited number have successfully transitioned into the realm of commercial antifungal prod ucts.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/lg93gc68spm","substitution":"P01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Commercial biofungicides like Aspire (based on Candida oleophila) have been marketed but failed to achieve widespread success due to inconsistent efficacy and industry perception.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Aspire™, based on Candida oleophila [117], has been commercialized for some years but did not prevail due to low and inconsistent efficacy under commercial conditions, difficulties in market penetration, and perception of the customers and industry [113].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6723504/","substitution":"P01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Antagonistic yeasts are often reported to be more expensive than conventional chemical fungicides, which creates a barrier to their broader commercial adoption.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Antagonistic yeasts tend to be costlier than chemical fungicides, which pose usability challenges [168].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/lg93gc68spm","substitution":"P01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"The primary drivers for researching and attempting to switch to bio-based alternatives are consumer demand for residue-free fruit, the development of fungicide resistance in pathogens, and environmental/health concerns.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Nowadays, there is growing demand among consumers for fruits free of chemical residues harmful to human health. In addition, postharvest pathogens often develop resistance to fungicides. Therefore, there is a need for new and effective means of postharvest disease control that reduce risks to human health and the environment.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.techagro.org/index.php/MJAS/article/view/858","substitution":"P01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p01/","value":"","year":""},{"claim":"Following the loss of authorization for chlorpropham in 2020, the UK potato industry shifted to alternative active substances, with 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) and spearmint oil becoming the primary treatments by 2022.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"The biggest change to stored ware potatoes in 2022 has been the use of alternative active substances following the loss of authorisation for chlorpropham in 2020. In 2020 the main alternative to chlorpropham was the biopesticide spearmint oil. In 2022, the main active substance used on ware potatoes was 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, closely followed by spearmint oil.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pusstats.fera.co.uk/backend/api/report-download/708","substitution":"P02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p02/","value":"1,4-dimethylnaphthalene accounted for 41% of the total tonnage of ware potatoes treated, 40% were treated with spearmint oil, 15% with ethylene, 4% with orange oil and 1% with imazalil in 2022.","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Alternative sprout suppressants are generally considered less effective than CIPC and are more costly.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"They are generally considered less effective than CIPC, may have adverse effects on other qualities of the stored crop and, in all cases, are more costly.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://projectbluearchive.blob.core.windows.net/media/Default/Research%20Papers/Potatoes/Storage/11140003%20Final%20Report_2021.pdf","substitution":"P02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p02/","value":"more costly","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The EU and Switzerland banned the use of CIPC due to concerns over its toxicological profile and inability to demonstrate consumer safety.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Following a re-evaluation of the approval file of this product and owing to its unfavourable toxicological profile, CIPC is no longer approved in the European Union as of January 2020.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.agrarforschungschweiz.ch/en/2020/10/potato-varieties-for-chips-and-crisps-stored-without-cipc-a-major-challenge/","substitution":"P02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p02/","value":"banned in 2020","year":"2020"},{"claim":"In 2016, CIPC accounted for 82% of treatments to stored potatoes in the UK, while ethylene and spearmint oil accounted for 15% and 3%, respectively.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"In official figures from 2016, CIPC accounted for 82% of treatments to stored potatoes, while ethylene and spearmint oil accounted for 15% and 3%, respectively.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://archive.ahdb.org.uk/11140043-alternative-sprout-suppressants-processing","substitution":"P02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p02/","value":"82% CIPC, 15% ethylene, 3% spearmint oil","year":"2016"},{"claim":"The feasibility of replacing DPA in commercial practice was proven in the 2010-11 storage season for the approximately 1 million tons of apple fruit produced in South Tyrol, Italy.","geography":"South Tyrol, Italy","kind":"displacement","quote":"The feasibility of replacing completely DPA in practice got proved already in the storage season 2010-11 by the ≈1 mio. tons apple fruit producing area in the South Tyrol (Italy).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ishs.org/ishs-article/1012_53/","substitution":"P03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p03/","value":"1 million tons of apple fruit producing area","year":"2010-11 storage season"},{"claim":"The economic impact of the DPA ban on the Portuguese pear industry was estimated at 22 to 39 million euros, or 16 to 28% of the crop value, in 2010.","geography":"Portugal","kind":"economics","quote":"In 2010, the economic impact of the ban on DPA on the Portuguese pear industry was estimated in 22 to 39 million euros, i.e., 16 to 28% of the crop value, and the industry was caught without alternatives.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://researchportal.ulisboa.pt/en/publications/tools-for-strategic-management-of-postharvest-technology-an-appli/","substitution":"P03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p03/","value":"22 to 39 million euros","year":"2010"},{"claim":"The primary drivers for the switch away from DPA are the EU ban on its use and the reduction of maximum residue levels (MRLs) due to toxicity and consumer concerns.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Although DPA is highly effective in controlling superficial scald, environmental concerns have been raised regarding its use. As a result, the European Union (EU) Commission reduced the MRL from 5 parts per million (ppm) to 0.1ppm (APAL, 2013; Crouch and Taylor, 2013).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://scholar.sun.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/aba6fbe3-ea9e-4d27-831d-5a958cda1bb9/content","substitution":"P03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p03/","value":"5 parts per million (ppm) to 0.1ppm","year":"2013 onwards"},{"claim":"The use of novel storage technologies, including DCA, has replaced DPA postharvest treatment in approximately 1/10th of the EU's apple-producing area.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"Replacing DPA postharvest treatment by strategical application of novel storage technologies controls scald in 1/10th of EU’s apples producing area","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122535/records/65e015ab0f3e94b9e5df19f0","substitution":"P03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p03/","value":"1/10th","year":"2013"},{"claim":"In the South Tyrol region of Italy, DPA has not been used for 3 years as of the time of the report.","geography":"South Tyrol, Italy","kind":"displacement","quote":"Data will be shown on the transition to CA-based technologies to control superficial scald in the apple industry of South Tyrol, Italy, where DPA has not been used for 3 years.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ishs.org/ishs-article/1071_50/","substitution":"P03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p03/","value":"not used for 3 years","year":"2013-2014 (approximate)"},{"claim":"In a simulated commercial cold chain study in Nigeria, bacteriophage P100 achieved a 4.2 log reduction of L. monocytogenes, while the combination of P100 and nisin achieved a 5.1 log reduction, significantly outperforming individual treatments.","geography":"Nigeria","kind":"performance","quote":"Bacteriophage P100 demonstrated the greatest overall efficacy with a mean log reduction of 4.2±0.3 log CFU/g at 4°C after 72 hours, followed by nisin (3.6±0.4 log CFU/g) and L. plantarum (3.1±0.5 log CFU/g). The combination of bacteriophage P100 and nisin exhibited synergistic antimicrobial activity, achieving 5.1±0.2 log reduction, significantly exceeding all individual treatments (p\u003c0.001).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/kr9373vxln5","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"5.1 log reduction","year":"2022-2023"},{"claim":"Phage biocontrol costs are estimated between 1-4 cents per pound, which is comparable to the cost range of harsher chemical sanitizers.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"In contrast, phage biocontrol costs range between 1-4 cents per pound, similar to the cost range of harsher chemical sanitizers.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/cbwnh36fm04","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"1-4 cents per pound","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Industrial-scale application of phage biocontrol (Listex) is estimated to increase the cost of packaged leafy greens by 0.05-0.54 cents per bag.","geography":"UK","kind":"economics","quote":"It is estimated that these costs will increase the cost of packaged leafy greens by 0.05-0.54 cents per bag.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.centerforproducesafety.org/assets/research-database/CPS-Final-Report_TRUCHADO-April-2024.pdf","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"0.05-0.54 cents per bag","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Approximately 42% of food manufacturers have integrated protective cultures into their production processes to extend shelf life and reduce chemical preservatives.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Approximately 42% of food manufacturers have integrated protective cultures into their production processes to extend shelf life and reduce chemical preservatives.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.industryresearch.biz/market-reports/bacteriocins-and-protective-cultures-market-109783","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"42%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Around 72% of global food manufacturers are now reformulating products to eliminate synthetic preservatives.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Around 72% of global food manufacturers are now reformulating products to eliminate synthetic preservatives.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.industryresearch.biz/market-reports/bacteriocins-and-protective-cultures-market-109783","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"72%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In the U.S., 64% of dairy manufacturers employ protective cultures to inhibit spoilage bacteria.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"Approximately 64% of dairy manufacturers in the country employ protective cultures to inhibit spoilage bacteria.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.industryresearch.biz/market-reports/bacteriocins-and-protective-cultures-market-109783","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"64%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The U.S. dairy sector relies on protective cultures in 71% of its fermentation-based products.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"The U.S. dairy sector, processing over 100 billion liters of milk annually, relies on protective cultures in 71% of its fermentation-based products, reinforcing its role as a leader in microbial biopreservation technologies.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.industryresearch.biz/market-reports/bacteriocins-and-protective-cultures-market-109783","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"71%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"68% of food producers are replacing artificial preservatives with bacteriocins or protective cultures.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Global demand for natural antimicrobials has surged, with 68% of food producers replacing artificial preservatives with bacteriocins or protective cultures.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.industryresearch.biz/market-reports/bacteriocins-and-protective-cultures-market-109783","substitution":"P04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p04/","value":"68%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Calcium carbide remains in use for fruit ripening in India and other developing countries despite being banned, because it is cheaper and faster than legal alternatives.","geography":"India, Côte d'Ivoire, and other developing countries","kind":"driver","quote":"The low price of carbide results in its indiscriminate use in artificial ripening of fruits.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fssai.gov.in/upload/media/5b4d910969887FSSAI_News_Fruits_Tribune_25_05_2018.pdf","substitution":"P05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p05/","value":"low price and speed","year":"2018-2026"},{"claim":"Ethylene-based ripening is more expensive and takes longer than calcium carbide, but provides more even ripening and better quality.","geography":"India, Philippines","kind":"performance","quote":"Ethylene takes a little longer and costs more, but gives more even ripening.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://stvnational.com/crate-to-plate-the-ripening-truth-behind-your-fruit-bowl-noida-news/","substitution":"P05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p05/","value":"longer time and higher cost","year":"2020-2026"},{"claim":"A pilot facility with 46 ethylene gas-based ripening chambers with a capacity of 460 metric tonnes was established in Punjab, India, to replace calcium carbide.","geography":"Punjab, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"The pilot facility with 46 ethylene gas based ripening chambers of capacity of about 460 metric tonne has been established by Punjab Mandi Board at 12 fruit and vegetable markets of Punjab.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fssai.gov.in/upload/media/5b4d910969887FSSAI_News_Fruits_Tribune_25_05_2018.pdf","substitution":"P05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p05/","value":"460 metric tonnes","year":"2018"},{"claim":"The Food Safety and Standards (Prohibition and Restrictions On Sales) Regulations, 2011, prohibits the use of acetylene gas (calcium carbide) for the artificial ripening of fruits.","geography":"India","kind":"driver","quote":"No person shall sell or offer or expose for sale or have in his premises for the purpose of sale under any description, fruits which have been artificially ripened by use of acetylene gas, commonly known as carbide gas; provided that fruits may be artificially ripened by use of Ethylene gas at a concentration upto 100 ppm (100µl/L) depending upon the crop, variety and maturity.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://sansad.in/getFile/lsapps/loksabhaquestions/annex/188/AU1012_NaABxD.pdf","substitution":"P05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p05/","value":"prohibited","year":"2011"},{"claim":"A pilot facility with 46 ethylene gas-based ripening chambers with a capacity of 460 metric tonnes was established by the Punjab Mandi Board, and private entrepreneurs added 825 metric tonnes of capacity in Punjab.","geography":"Punjab, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"The pilot facility with 46 ethylene gas based ripening chambers of capacity of about 460 metric tonne has been established by Punjab Mandi Board at 12 fruit and vegetable markets of Punjab. In addition, about 825 metric tonne capacity of ripening chambers established by private entrepreneurs has also come up in Punjab with the financial assistance of National Horticulture Mission.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://fssai.gov.in/upload/media/5b4d910969887FSSAI_News_Fruits_Tribune_25_05_2018.pdf","substitution":"P05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p05/","value":"46 chambers (460 metric tonnes) + 825 metric tonnes private capacity","year":"2018"},{"claim":"The implementation of antifungal edible coatings is currently limited because conventional fungicides are highly effective, convenient, and cheaper.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Although accomplished in evaluating new antifungal edible coatings, their implementation is still limited, first because of the current availability of highly effective, convenient, and cheaper conventional fungicides, and second because of general limitations associated to the edible nature of food-grade coating components.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/coatings/coatings-05-00962/article_deploy/coatings-05-00962.pdf?version=1449241856","substitution":"P06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p06/","value":"","year":"2015"},{"claim":"Essential oil-amended waxes have been shown in semi-commercial and commercial trials to be as effective as waxes containing the conventional fungicide imazalil in reducing lemon postharvest decay.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"Further semi-commercial trials conducted in lemon packing lines confirmed that these essential oil-amended waxes were as effective as waxes containing the conventional fungicide IMZ in reducing lemon postharvest decay and total aerobic microflora present on fruit surface.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/coatings/coatings-05-00962/article_deploy/coatings-05-00962.pdf?version=1449241856","substitution":"P06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/p06/","value":"","year":"2015"},{"claim":"The implementation of the EU Paints Directive (2004/42/EC) drove a widespread shift from hydrocarbon-based paints to water-based or lower-VOC content alternatives, resulting in an approximately 60% reduction in per capita VOC emissions from decorative paints in the UK between 2004 and 2019.","geography":"United Kingdom","kind":"displacement","quote":"A major decline in total mass of VOC emissions from paints followed the implementation of the EU Paints Directive, with per capita emissions falling by approximately 60% between 2004 and 2019 from 0.532 kg per person per year to 0.210 kg per person per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/ea/d5ea00134j","substitution":"PC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc01/","value":"60% reduction in per capita VOC emissions","year":"2004–2019"},{"claim":"Waterborne wood coatings have displaced solvent-borne systems in approximately two-thirds of the EU market by volume.","geography":"European Union","kind":"displacement","quote":"Waterborne technology has displaced solvent-borne systems in roughly two-thirds of the EU wood coatings volume, and this share continues to rise.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/european-union-waterborne-wood-coatings-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"PC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc01/","value":"60–68% of total EU wood coatings consumption by volume","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Waterborne biobased coatings accounted for 42.3% of the global architectural coating market share in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Waterborne biobased coatings dominated the product category with 42.3% market share in 2025, representing the largest and fastest-growing segment as manufacturers responded to regulatory pressures and customer demand for low-VOC formulations.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://dataintelo.com/report/global-biobased-paints-and-coatings-market","substitution":"PC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc01/","value":"42.3% market share","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Bio-based solvents can be 2.8 times more expensive than the fossil-based solvents they replace, and bio-based paint mixtures can be 20–30% more expensive than their fossil-based counterparts.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"For example, the solvent cyrene is currently still 2.8 times more expensive than the solvent 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), which it should replace [31,32]. Our research based on target prices from chemical retailers verifies this. When comparing the paint price per kilogram, Paint 1 has a 30% lower price, and Paint 2 has a 20% lower price compared to the bio-based mixtures (Table 4).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/t9774v46vcq","substitution":"PC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc01/","value":"2.8 times more expensive (solvent); 20–30% higher price (paint)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The primary drivers for the switch from solvent-borne to waterborne and bio-based coatings are regulatory VOC emission limits (e.g., EU Directive 2004/42/EC), worker health and safety concerns, and increasing corporate environmental responsibility.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Regulatory pressures arising from the Paints Directive in 2004, and growing consumer awareness, drove a major shift in paint formulations by the European paint industry, including major reformulations to reduce VOC content.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2026/ea/d5ea00134j","substitution":"PC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc01/","value":"Regulatory pressures, consumer awareness, worker health and safety","year":"2004–2026"},{"claim":"In Germany, the market for biocide-free white wall paint has matured, with an estimated 50% market share.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Germany, this market is matured with an estimate of 50% being biocide-free.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://omgevingsweb.nl/wp-content/uploads/po-assets/702257.pdf","substitution":"PC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc02/","value":"50%","year":"2021 (approximate)"},{"claim":"Biocide-free paints are generally more expensive than those containing biocides, with some estimates indicating they are up to 30% more costly.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Biocide-free paints are on average more expensive than those containing biocides (up to 30% more costly – though some parties claim identical pricing at the store), making them less popular at the wider public if this is charged on in the pricing.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://omgevingsweb.nl/wp-content/uploads/po-assets/702257.pdf","substitution":"PC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc02/","value":"up to 30% more costly","year":"2021 (approximate)"},{"claim":"The primary driver for the development of the biocide-free white wall paint market in Germany has been the inclusion of 'preservative-free' requirements in the Blaue Engel ecolabel since 2019.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"Since 2019, Blaue Engel has included ‘preservative-free’ in its requirements for white (indoor) wall paints (recently expanding to factory and in-store tinted indoor wall paints). This is considered the main driver or momentum for the large scale development of the biocide-free white wall paint market in Germany.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://omgevingsweb.nl/wp-content/uploads/po-assets/702257.pdf","substitution":"PC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc02/","value":"Blaue Engel ecolabel requirements","year":"2019 onwards"},{"claim":"A 2016 study of 60 paints purchased in five European countries found that 91.7% contained methylisothiazolinone (MI), 88.3% contained benzisothiazolinone (BIT), and 26.7% contained octylisothiazolinone (OIT).","geography":"Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom","kind":"performance","quote":"Sixty paints were analyzed for their contents of five isothiazolinones. MI was identified in 91.7% (n = 55) of the purchased paints, with concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 142.7 ppm. MCI was in 20.0% (n = 12) of the paints, ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 ppm. BIT was in 88.3% (n = 53) of the paints, ranging from 0.4 to 331.0 ppm. OIT was in 26.7% (n = 16) of the paints, ranging from 0.03 to 16.01 ppm. DCOIT was identified in 50.0% (n = 30) of the purchased paints, ranging from 0.01 to 156.2 ppm.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/wh2b6dfd6f4","substitution":"PC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc02/","value":"91.7% MI, 88.3% BIT, 26.7% OIT","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Contact allergy to benzisothiazolinone (BIT) among patch-tested patients increased significantly from 0.3% or less in 2014 to 5.0% in 2023.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"performance","quote":"Contact allergy to benzisothiazolinone (BIT) increased significantly from ≤ 0.3% in 2014 to 5.0% in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/zgtmx4nm72b","substitution":"PC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc02/","value":"≤ 0.3% in 2014 to 5.0% in 2023","year":"2014-2023"},{"claim":"Contact allergy to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) decreased significantly from 3.3% in 2014 to 2.2% in 2023.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"performance","quote":"Contact allergy to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) decreased significantly from 3.3% in 2014 to 2.2% in 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/zgtmx4nm72b","substitution":"PC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pc02/","value":"3.3% in 2014 to 2.2% in 2023","year":"2014-2023"},{"claim":"The current market share of non-fluorinated alternatives appears to be approximately 1% or less.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The current market share of non-fluorinated alternatives appears to be approximately 1% or less.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pfasfree.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/PFASs-and-alternatives-in-food-packaging-paper-and-paperboard.pdf","substitution":"PK01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/","value":"1% or less","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Modern fluorine-free formulations achieve grease barrier ratings of 11-12 on the TAPPI scale, which is comparable to the 12-13 rating of PFOA-based alternatives.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"modern fluorine-free formulations achieve grease barrier ratings of 11-12 on the TAPPI scale (compared to 12-13 for PFOA-based alternatives), acceptable for the majority of food packaging applications including bakery, dairy, and frozen food segments that collectively represent 64% of application volume.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/fluorine-free-barrier-paper-market","substitution":"PK01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/","value":"11-12 on the TAPPI scale vs 12-13 for PFOA-based alternatives","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Technological advances have narrowed the price premium for fluorine-free coatings over traditional options from a historical 15-20% to 5-8%.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"while fluorine-free coatings previously commanded 15-20% price premiums over traditional options, technological advances have narrowed this gap to 5-8%, making transition economically viable for mid-tier producers.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/fluorine-free-barrier-paper-market","substitution":"PK01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/","value":"5-8% premium (down from 15-20%)","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The primary driver for the market expansion of fluorine-free barrier paper is the global regulatory environment shifting against fluorinated coatings, including bans and phase-outs in the EU, US, and other regions.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"The primary catalyst for market expansion centers on the global regulatory environment shifting decisively against fluorinated coatings.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/fluorine-free-barrier-paper-market","substitution":"PK01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/","value":"regulatory environment shifting against fluorinated coatings","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A study by the Czech non-profit organisation Arnika showed that in 2020, Danish paper bags for French fries from Mc Donald’s contained only 5.5 mg/kg dw of total organic fluorine, whereas the the same bags in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom contained 480 and 470 mg/kg dw respectively.","geography":"Denmark, Czech Republic, United Kingdom","kind":"displacement","quote":"A study by the Czech non-profit organisation Arnika showed that in 2020, Danish paper bags for French fries from Mc Donald’s contained only 5.5 mg/kg dw of total organic fluorine, whereas the the same bags in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom contained 480 and 470 mg/kg dw respectively.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.futurepolicy.org/global/danish-order-on-food-contact-materials/","substitution":"PK01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/","value":"98.8 % reduction in total organic fluorine in Danish paper bags compared to those in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom","year":"2020"},{"claim":"As of November 2016, long-chain PFAS are no longer used in food contact applications sold in the United States.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"As of November 2016, long-chain PFAS are no longer used in food contact applications sold in the United States.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fda.gov/food/process-contaminants-food/market-phase-out-grease-proofing-substances-containing-pfas","substitution":"PK01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/","value":"100% elimination of long-chain PFAS in food contact applications","year":"2016"},{"claim":"In February 2024, the FDA announced that substances containing PFAS were no longer being sold into the U.S. market for use as grease-proofing agents on paper food packaging.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"In February 2024, the FDA announced that substances containing PFAS were no longer being sold into the U.S. market for use as grease-proofing agents on paper food packaging.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fda.gov/food/process-contaminants-food/market-phase-out-grease-proofing-substances-containing-pfas","substitution":"PK01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk01/","value":"100% elimination of PFAS grease-proofing agents sold into the U.S. market","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The European market has seen a fundamental shift away from the formerly dominant plasticizer DEHP, with its market share dropping from 51% in 1996 to 10% in 2015.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"The substitution of the formerly dominant plasticizer DEHP (EU market share 1996: 51%; 2015: 10% [36, 58] has led to a fundamental shift in the market since the 1990s toward HMW phthalates [45] , with a simultaneous steady growth in demand for soft PVC [59, 74] .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/83qyb1dvzxl","substitution":"PK02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk02/","value":"51% in 1996 to 10% in 2015","year":"1996-2015"},{"claim":"The global use of non-phthalate plasticizers has increased from 12% in 2005 to 35% in 2017.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The use of non phthalate plasticisers globally has continued to increase, from 12% in 2005 up to 35% in 2017.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/2t8gy7k1j54","substitution":"PK02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk02/","value":"12% in 2005 up to 35% in 2017","year":"2005-2017"},{"claim":"Bio-based polyester plasticizers are being developed to address migration issues, with some showing comparable plasticizing efficiency and flexibility to conventional monomeric plasticizers like DINCH.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"In addition, plasticized PVC containing LMW-BPR exhibited comparable plasticizing efficiency, flexibility, low-temperature resistance and biocompatibility with pure DINCH plasticized PVC.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2024.1406469/full","substitution":"PK02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk02/","value":"comparable plasticizing efficiency, flexibility, low-temperature resistance and biocompatibility","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The proposed EU restriction on four phthalates is estimated to cost 130 Euro per tonne of the phthalates replaced, which is nearly 20 times more cost-effective than previous restrictions on phthalates in toys.","geography":"EU","kind":"economics","quote":"the proposed restriction is estimated to cost €130 per tonne of the four phthalates replaced. This is nearly 20 times more cost-effective than the restrictions on phthalates in toys and childcare articles adopted earlier;","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/e06ddac2-5ff7-4863-83d5-2fb071a1ec13","substitution":"PK02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk02/","value":"130 Euro per tonne","year":"2014"},{"claim":"Regulatory actions, such as the EU REACH regulation and bans on specific phthalates in consumer goods, have been the primary drivers for the industry to transition away from LMW phthalates.","geography":"EU","kind":"driver","quote":"The data indicate continuous substitution of critical phthalates such as DEHP, DBP and BBP in response to increasing regulatory action on plasticizers in Europe, which began in 1999 (Fig. 2 ) and concluded with the need to apply for authorization for the continued use of those plasticizers in 2015, after the so called \"sunset date\".","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/83qyb1dvzxl","substitution":"PK02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk02/","value":"regulatory action on plasticizers in Europe","year":"1999-2015"},{"claim":"Meta-analyses indicate that crop yields with biodegradable mulch films are generally not significantly different from those achieved with polyethylene mulch.","geography":"global/China","kind":"performance","quote":"The most important conclusion from this meta-analysis is that, on average, yield of crops grown in BDM products of any type are not different from those grown in PEM.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1618","substitution":"PK03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk03/","value":"no significant difference in yield","year":"2020-2021"},{"claim":"Biodegradable mulch films are consistently reported to be more expensive to manufacture and purchase than conventional polyethylene films.","geography":"China","kind":"economics","quote":"An additional barrier to adoption is that BDMs are usually more costly to manufacture and more expensive for growers than PEM.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/10/1618","substitution":"PK03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk03/","value":"more expensive","year":"2020-2024"},{"claim":"The implementation of stricter national standards for polyethylene film thickness has increased its cost, which may incentivize farmers to consider biodegradable alternatives.","geography":"China","kind":"driver","quote":"Due to the increased thickness of PE that is required, the price of PE has also increased. The increase in the costs of PE may encourage farmers to choose BDMs.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abd211/pdf","substitution":"PK03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk03/","value":"increased PE costs due to regulation","year":"2018-2021"},{"claim":"In 2026, biodegradable mulch paper is estimated to represent approximately 12–18% of the total EU mulch film area.","geography":"European Union","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2026, the market is estimated to represent approximately 12–18% of the total EU mulch film area, which includes conventional polyethylene films, biodegradable plastic films (PBAT/PLA blends), and paper-based products.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.indexbox.io/store/european-union-biodegradable-mulch-paper-market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/","substitution":"PK03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk03/","value":"12–18%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Bio-based plastics currently represent only about 1-2% of global plastic production.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Although seventeen bio-based polymers are commercially available, they represent only ~1% of the global plastics market and account for just 4–5% of biogenic carbon in the EU chemical sector.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hollandbioplastics.nl/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/support-for-bio-based-feedstock-in-plastic-packaging-KH0126009ENN-1.pdf","substitution":"PK04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk04/","value":"~1%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Bio-based plastics generally have higher production costs than fossil-based alternatives, though economies of scale are expected to reduce this gap.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"Although production costs are generally higher than those of fossil-based plastics, economies of scale and technological advancements are expected to reduce costs over time.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hollandbioplastics.nl/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/support-for-bio-based-feedstock-in-plastic-packaging-KH0126009ENN-1.pdf","substitution":"PK04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk04/","value":"higher production costs","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Government campaigns, bans on plastic bags, and environmental regulations are key drivers increasing the demand for biodegradable plastics.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"It is also important to note that government campaigns and strict regulations have given new impetus to develop the biodegradable plastics industry. For example, the ban on plastic bags has increased the demand for biodegradable plastics [99].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10924-025-03530-7","substitution":"PK04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk04/","value":"ban on plastic bags","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Global bio-based plastics production capacity reached 2 million tonnes in 2023, representing less than 1% of global plastics production.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Total global production capacities of biobased plastics reached 2Mt in 2023 which is less than 1 % of global plastics production.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/circularity/sectoral-modules/plastics/global-bio-based-plastics-production-capacity","substitution":"PK04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk04/","value":"2Mt or \u003c1%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In 2024, the total production volume of bio-based polymers was 4.2 million tonnes, which is 1% of the total production volume of fossil-based polymers.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Additionally, the total production volume of bio‑based polymers has been 4.2 million tonnes in 2024, which is 1 % of the total production volume of fossil‑based polymers, and the CAGR of bio-based polymers is, with 13 %, significantly higher than the overall growth of polymers (2–3 %).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://nova-institute.eu/wp-content/plugins/nova-pr/pr_download.php?id=1611","substitution":"PK04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk04/","value":"4.2 million tonnes or 1%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In 2025, bio-based polymers reached 4.5 million tonnes of production, representing 1% of total fossil-based polymer output.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2025, bio-based polymers reached 4.5 million tonnes of production, representing 1% of total fossil-based polymer output, with an expected CAGR of 11% through 2030 — significantly higher than the overall polymer market growth of 2-3% — potentially increasing their share to 2%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://compositesworld.com/news/nova-institut-reports-global-bio-based-polymer-market-to-rise-11-annually-until-2030","substitution":"PK04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/pk04/","value":"4.5 million tonnes or 1%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"On-site bioremediation of 94,000 tons of soil allowed 99% of the material to be reused on-site, effectively displacing the need for off-site landfill disposal.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Up to 96% of the 94,000 tons of soil that were treated by our SPS process ultimately met RWQCB the SCG’s after a single treatment application. ... Less than 1% of the total excavated soil was disposed of off Site.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.battelle.org/docs/default-source/conferences/bioremediation-symposium/proceedings/biosymposium/characterization-and-bioremediation-of-upstream-oil-gas-releases/b3_-122_ppr.pdf?sfvrsn=b3efb388_0","substitution":"RM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/","value":"99% of excavated soil reused on-site","year":"2016"},{"claim":"On-site bioremediation of 5,890 cubic yards of oilfield waste reduced project costs by approximately $438,000 compared to traditional trucking and landfill disposal.","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"The estimated cost for trucking and disposal was $641,325, while the total cost for bio-treatment and recycling was $272,144. ... resulting in overall savings of approximately $438,000.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.envirozyme.com/resources/case-studies/cutting-disposal-costs-by-438000-with-onsite-bioremediation","substitution":"RM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/","value":"$438,000 savings","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Natural bioremediation costs ($3-50/yd3) are significantly lower than landfill disposal ($65-525/yd3) and thermal incineration ($40-900/yd3).","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"Natural bioremediation 3-50 ... Landfill disposal 65-525 ... Thermal incineration 40-900","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2013-07/documents/aerobic_biodegradation_of_oily_wastes.pdf","substitution":"RM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/","value":"$3-50/yd3 vs $65-525/yd3 and $40-900/yd3","year":"2013"},{"claim":"The switch to on-site bioremediation was driven by the desire to minimize noise, diesel trucking emissions, and road deterioration, as well as to eliminate long-term liability associated with off-site landfilling.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"The goal of minimizing the noise impacts and diesel trucking emissions to the local community was achieved and this approach also eliminated the safety risk and road deterioration related to trucking. ... Landfill disposal of contaminated soil does not remove the future liability of its generator, who will be held jointly liable with the landfill operator for any future associated contamination.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.battelle.org/docs/default-source/conferences/bioremediation-symposium/proceedings/biosymposium/characterization-and-bioremediation-of-upstream-oil-gas-releases/b3_-122_ppr.pdf?sfvrsn=b3efb388_0","substitution":"RM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/","value":"minimizing noise, emissions, and liability","year":"2016"},{"claim":"In 2025, bioremediation accounted for 27.9% of the global soil remediation market.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"In 2025, Bioremediation accounted for USD 35.41 Million, representing 27.9% of the global soil remediation market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pmarketresearch.com/worldwide-soil-remediation-market-research/","substitution":"RM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/","value":"27.9%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Incineration projects for ex situ source treatment declined from 29 percent (FY 1982 to 2005) to 6 percent (FY 2002 to 2005).","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Historically, incineration projects have represented a high percentage of ex situ source treatment projects (29 percent reported in the eleventh edition of the ASR for FY 1982 to 2005). During the period from FY 2002 to 2005, incineration represented only 6 percent of ex situ treatment projects.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=60000M30.TXT","substitution":"RM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/","value":"29% to 6%","year":"1982-2005"},{"claim":"In situ treatment can achieve average savings of 30% over traditional methods.","geography":"Finland","kind":"economics","quote":"Nikunen et al. (2017), in calculating the results from the SOILI program, found that in situ treatment could achieve average savings of 30% over traditional methods.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258148/full","substitution":"RM01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm01/","value":"30%","year":"2017"},{"claim":"Phytoremediation is a cost-effective alternative to physico-chemical processes, with a two-year project cost estimated at US$ 75,375.2/hm2 or US$ 37.7/m3.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"In addition, according to Wan et al. [14], the total cost of a two-year project devoted to the phytoremediation of soil contaminated by As, Cd, and Pb was estimated to be US$ 75,375.2/hm2 or US$ 37.7/m3, which is significantly lower than that for most other techniques studied.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/sustainability/sustainability-13-06555/article_deploy/sustainability-13-06555-v2.pdf?version=1623230639","substitution":"RM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm02/","value":"US$ 75,375.2/hm2 or US$ 37.7/m3","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Phytoextraction combined with energy recovery can reduce environmental impacts by 30-100% compared to traditional treatments like soil washing and excavation plus landfill.","geography":"Spain","kind":"performance","quote":"Finally, the comparison between the studied cases revealed that phytoextraction + energy recovery was the most environmentally friendly option for the studied conditions, reducing impacts by 30-100%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03723837v1/document","substitution":"RM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm02/","value":"30-100%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"The global phytoremediation technology market reached 4.73 billion US dollars in 2025.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"2025年，全球植物修复技术市场规模达到47.3亿美元，较2020年的31.8亿美元复合年增长率为8.3%，预计2030年规模将突破71.6亿美元，期间增速维持在8.7%左右。","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.gepresearch.com/77/view-1138843-1.html","substitution":"RM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm02/","value":"4.73 billion US dollars","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Phytoremediation was applied in only one out of 188 US Superfund remediation projects between 2012 and 2014.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Phytoremediation has been applied only once amongst 188 US Superfund remediation projects between 2012 and 2014 (US EPA, 2017b).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://backoffice.biblio.ugent.be/download/8748462/8748463","substitution":"RM02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm02/","value":"1 out of 188 projects","year":"2012-2014"},{"claim":"The Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant in Los Angeles replaced five chemical wet scrubbers, three carbon towers, and two chemical storage tanks with a new biotrickling filter system.","geography":"USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"This upgrade will replace the existing five (5) chemical wet scrubbers, three (3) carbon towers, and two (2) chemical storage tanks.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784484852.006","substitution":"RM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm03/","value":"5 chemical wet scrubbers, 3 carbon towers, and 2 chemical storage tanks replaced by 4 biotrickling filters and 8 carbon scrubber tanks","year":"2021-2023"},{"claim":"Biotrickling filters can achieve H2S removal rates comparable to chemical scrubbers, with average removal of 97.5% for inlet concentrations up to 25 ppm.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"On average, 97.5% H2S removal was achieved for H2S inlet concentrations of up to 25 ppm (N =15,000 data points).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://deshusses.pratt.duke.edu/sites/deshusses.pratt.duke.edu/files/u31/pdf/ja38.pdf","substitution":"RM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm03/","value":"97.5% H2S removal","year":"2003"},{"claim":"Converting chemical scrubbers to biotrickling filters can save $10,000–50,000 per year in chemicals and electricity, with additional benefits from reduced liability and improved worker safety.","geography":"USA","kind":"economics","quote":"Savings are in the range of $10,000–50,000 worth of chemicals and electricity per scrubber per year, depending on the size of the scrubber and the H2S loading.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://deshusses.pratt.duke.edu/sites/deshusses.pratt.duke.edu/files/u31/pdf/ja38.pdf","substitution":"RM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm03/","value":"$10,000–50,000 per year","year":"2003"},{"claim":"The primary drivers for switching from chemical scrubbers to biotrickling filters are lower operation and maintenance costs, the elimination of hazardous chemical storage and handling, and improved worker health and safety.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"Motivations for such conversions include the lower operation and maintenance costs and the absence of use of toxic and dangerous chemicals in biological scrubbers.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://deshusses.pratt.duke.edu/sites/deshusses.pratt.duke.edu/files/u31/pdf/ja38.pdf","substitution":"RM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm03/","value":"lower O\u0026M costs and absence of toxic chemicals","year":"2003"},{"claim":"As of 2010, biofilters, trickle bed filters (bioscrubbers), and multistage operations accounted for 26.4%, 24.0%, and 43.2% respectively of the total exhaust air treatment systems installed in Germany, primarily on pig farms.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"As of 2010, biofilters, trickle bed filters (bioscrubbers), and multistage operations amounted to 26.4, 24.0, and 43.2% of the total accumulation exhaust air treatment systems installed in Germany, most of which were installed on pig farms.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6999336/","substitution":"RM03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/rm03/","value":"26.4%, 24.0%, and 43.2%","year":"2010"},{"claim":"In French vineyards, the use of disease-resistant grapevine varieties has reduced phytosanitary treatments by an average of 79% compared to conventional plots.","geography":"France","kind":"performance","quote":"Since 2018, while phytosanitary treatments have been reduced by an average of 79% compared to conventional plots, the incidence of downy and powdery mildew, remain low, even in years highly conducive to these diseases.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/xpm0sbh4f3s","substitution":"SG01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/","value":"79%","year":"2018-2026"},{"claim":"In commercial vineyards, the use of fungus-resistant cultivars (FRCs) resulted in a cost reduction for plant protection management of 46% to 75% compared to susceptible cultivars.","geography":"Germany","kind":"economics","quote":"In 2021, wineries reduced their costs for plant protection management from about EUR 970–1400 for susceptible cultivars to EUR 310–670, thereby achieving a cost reduction with FRCs of 50% to 75% compared to their susceptible cultivars (Table 2).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/17/3120","substitution":"SG01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/","value":"46% to 75%","year":"2021-2022"},{"claim":"The adoption of fungus-resistant grape varieties is driven by the need to comply with societal pressure, meet EU Green Deal ambitions, and reduce operational costs.","geography":"Germany","kind":"driver","quote":"The results suggest that robust varietals present a means to comply with societal pressure and to meet EU Green Deal ambitions.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/12/2138","substitution":"SG01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/","value":"not applicable","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In Germany, fungus-resistant grapevine varieties (FRGV) account for approximately 3% to 3.5% of the total viticultural acreage.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since 2016, the area is slowly increasing again and the disease-resistant varieties currently sum up to 3-3,5% of the viticultural acreage (Table 2), making Germany the top EU country for disease-resistant varieties in proportion of the total viticulture area.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/14/6068","substitution":"SG01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/","value":"3-3,5%","year":"current (as of 2024)"},{"claim":"In Switzerland, the share of land under fungus-resistant varieties is approximately 3%.","geography":"Switzerland","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Switzerland, for example, the share of land under fungus-resistant varieties is 3%, which is slightly higher than in other European countries (Finger et al., 2023).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/658342982/Applied_Eco_Perspectives_Pol_-_2025_-_Zachmann_-_The_effect_of_geographical_denomination_on_the_uptake_of_fungus_resistant_1_.pdf","substitution":"SG01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/","value":"3%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In 2022, 9.5% of annually planted grapevines in Germany were disease-resistant varieties.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"A look at the relative amount of planted disease-resistant varieties, however, reveals that in 2022, only 9.5% of the annually planted grapevines were disease- resistant.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/yl3wm5bfmsc","substitution":"SG01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/","value":"9.5%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Fungus-resistant grapevine varieties allow for a reduction in fungicide applications of 50% to 80%.","geography":"Europe","kind":"performance","quote":"Today’s winegrowers in Europe can choose from many new varieties allowing them to reduce fungicide input by 50-80% and produce high quality wines on par with the valued traditional cultivars.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://ives-openscience.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Session-4_Trapp_How-to-deal.pdf","substitution":"SG01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg01/","value":"50-80%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Bt cotton adoption in India led to a reduction in insecticide sprays from more than two dozen to 2-3 sprays per season.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"On average, Bt cotton helped farmers to reduce insecticide sprays from more than two dozen (24) sprays to 2-3 sprays in a season.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_crop_profiles/bt_cotton_in_india-a_country_profile/download/Bt_Cotton_in_India-2002-2014.pdf","substitution":"SG02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg02/","value":"24 sprays to 2-3 sprays","year":"2002-2014"},{"claim":"The quantity of insecticides used to control bollworm in India reduced by 96% between 2001 and 2011.","geography":"India","kind":"displacement","quote":"quantity of insecticides used to control bollworm reduced by 96% from 5748 metric tons of active ingredients in 2001 to as low as 222 metric tons of active ingredients in 2011.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_crop_profiles/bt_cotton_in_india-a_country_profile/download/Bt_Cotton_in_India-2002-2014.pdf","substitution":"SG02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg02/","value":"96%","year":"2001-2011"},{"claim":"Bt cotton adoption in India increased cotton profits by 50% compared to conventional cotton.","geography":"India","kind":"economics","quote":"The coefficients in column 3 indicate that Bt increases profit by 1,877 Rs per acre (38 US$), equivalent to a 50% profit gain over conventional cotton.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1203647109","substitution":"SG02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg02/","value":"50%","year":"2002-2008"},{"claim":"Between 1996 and 2005, the deployment of Bt cotton reduced the volume of insecticide active ingredient used for pest control in cotton by 94.5 million kilograms globally.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"It is estimated that between 1996 and 2005 the deployment of Bt cotton has reduced the volume of insecticide active ingredient used for pest con trol in cotton by 94.5 million kilograms and increased farm income through reduced costs and improved yields by US$7.5 billion, with most of the benefit accrued by farmers in developing nations.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/4056/naranjoetal.btbook2008.pdf","substitution":"SG02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg02/","value":"94.5 million kilograms","year":"1996-2005"},{"claim":"Implementation of PRRSV-1 stabilization programs in French farrow-to-finish farms resulted in a significant reduction in antibiotic usage.","geography":"France","kind":"displacement","quote":"We showed that antibiotic use decreased significantly between P1 and P2 if expressed in mg/PCU and showed a decreased tendency in terms of exposure (ALEA) after PRRSV-1 stabilization.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376732/","substitution":"SG03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg03/","value":"48.8% reduction for mg/PCU and 13.5% for ALEA in high-consuming herds","year":"2007-2019"},{"claim":"A PRRS outbreak significantly increases antibiotic use in nursery and grower pigs.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"The study found that injectable and water antimicrobial use in groups of nursery pigs increased 379 percent during the 15-week epidemic phase after the farm became PRRS-positive.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://gb.pic.com/2024/02/06/isu-study-shows-disease-prevention-could-reduce-antibiotic-demand-in-pork-industry/","substitution":"SG03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg03/","value":"379 percent increase in nursery pigs","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Injectable and water antimicrobial use in groups of nursery pigs increased 379 percent during the 15-week epidemic phase after a farm became PRRS-positive.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"The study found that injectable and water antimicrobial use in groups of nursery pigs increased 379 percent during the 15-week epidemic phase after the farm became PRRS-positive.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.prrsresistantpig.com/2024/01/16/iowa-state-university-study-shows-preventing-common-swine-disease-could-dramatically-reduce-demand-for-antibiotic-use-in-pork-production-2/","substitution":"SG03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg03/","value":"379 percent","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The use of injectable antibiotics increased 274 percent in older pigs closer to market weight during the 15-week epidemic phase after a farm became PRRS-positive.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"The use of injectable antibiotics also increased 274 percent in older pigs, closer to market weight 4.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.prrsresistantpig.com/2024/01/16/iowa-state-university-study-shows-preventing-common-swine-disease-could-dramatically-reduce-demand-for-antibiotic-use-in-pork-production-2/","substitution":"SG03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg03/","value":"274 percent","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Selective breeding for disease resistance is a sustainable option that can increase resistance to infectious disease and reduce the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"In this context, genetic improvement is a sustainable option as it can increase resistance to infectious disease and reduce the use of antimicrobials.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9454762/","substitution":"SG04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/","value":"not applicable","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Genomic selection for WSSV resistance in whiteleg shrimp resulted in a 13% improvement in survival per generation compared to conventional phenotypic selection.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"We contend that the ability to evaluate the individual breeding value through genomic selection is the main reason why a higher rate of genetic gain was obtained with genomic selection (13% improved survival per generation) than that achieved with conventional phenotypic selection of WSSV resistance in L. vannamei 1.7% DOA, 6.3% survival and 6.5% survival selection reponses per generation 16, 18, 19.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://preview-www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77580-3","substitution":"SG04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/","value":"13% improved survival per generation","year":"2020"},{"claim":"A Brazilian shrimp farm increased mean survival rate against IMNV from 3.2 percent in the F1 generation to 55.3 percent in the F7 generation through genetic selection.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"performance","quote":"In controlled conditions of challenge with IMNV for 60 days, mean survival rate increased from 3.2 percent in the F1 generation to 55.3 percent in F7 – a significant increase in the resistance factor of 17.3 times (Fig. 1).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"industry association","source_url":"https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/brazil-shrimp-farm-performs-genetic-selection-imnv-resistance-growth/","substitution":"SG04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/","value":"3.2% to 55.3% survival rate","year":"2013"},{"claim":"Genetics for disease resistance has displaced at least some antimicrobial/chemical disease control by reducing disease outbreaks (example: marker-assisted selection reduced infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) outbreaks by 75%).","geography":"Scotland and Norway (applied in breeding programs)","kind":"displacement","quote":"MAS reduced IPN outbreaks by 75% and is now being applied in Scottish and Norwegian breeding programs to achieve genetic resistance to IPN.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9454762/","substitution":"SG04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/","value":"75% reduction","year":"N/A"},{"claim":"Bio-based genetics is adopted at measured market share levels in the Atlantic salmon segment via IPN-resistant eggs and smolts (genetic resistance replacing chemical/antibiotic disease control for IPN management at least within that supply chain).","geography":"global (Atlantic salmon; global salmon market)","kind":"displacement","quote":"Hendrix sells IPN-resistant eggs and smolt directly to commercial salmon farmers, covering 10% of the global market for Atlantic salmon in 2020.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://vet.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-09/REF%202021%20A6%20case%20study%20Salmon%20genetics.pdf","substitution":"SG04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/","value":"10% ... global market for Atlantic salmon in 2020; approximately 20% combined market share by 2020; approximately 30% of the global salmon market","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Bio-based genetics accounts for about one-third of the global salmon market when considering stocks derived from the research (IPN resistance) via direct sales and licensing/customer adoption.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Thus, IPN-resistant stocks of salmon directly derived from our research account for approximately 30% of the global salmon market.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://vet.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-09/REF%202021%20A6%20case%20study%20Salmon%20genetics.pdf","substitution":"SG04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/","value":"approximately 30% of the global salmon market","year":"2020 (by 2020, from the described analysis)"},{"claim":"Only a small share of aquaculture production is derived from selectively bred stocks (use of bio-based genetics for disease resistance/adoption is still limited across the overall aquaculture market).","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"While it has been successfully applied in aquaculture to reduce disease incidence, only a small share of aquaculture production is currently derived from selectively bred stocks.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9454762/","substitution":"SG04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/sg04/","value":"only a small share","year":"N/A"},{"claim":"An optimized enzymatic beamhouse process (ANS) achieved a 30.98% cost reduction compared to the conventional lime-sulfide system (LSS).","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Cost analysis indicated direct savings with a significant cost reduction of 30.98% of the ANS compared to that of the LSS, as well as additional indirect cost reduction through improved production efficiency and streamlined wastewater treatment processes.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2024/gc/d3gc05162e","substitution":"T01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/","value":"30.98% cost reduction","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The optimized enzymatic beamhouse process (ANS) reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3–N, and Cl− by more than 90% and total solids (TS) by 73.91% compared to the conventional lime-sulfide system.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"In terms of environmental benefits, the optimized ANS could significantly decrease more than 90% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3–N, and Cl−, respectively, along with a 73.91% reduction in total solids (TS).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2024/gc/d3gc05162e","substitution":"T01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/","value":"\u003e90% reduction in COD, NH3–N, and Cl−; 73.91% reduction in TS","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Enzymatic treatment in industrial piloting reduced chromium content in effluent by 81% and BOD/COD pollution loads by about 46%.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Chromium content analysis of the effluent revealed an 81 % reduction during piloting in real industrial operations, accompanied by reductions of about 46 % in BOD and COD pollution loads.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/ljlcbh5l57s","substitution":"T01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/","value":"81% reduction in chromium; 46% reduction in BOD and COD","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Drivers for the switch to bio-based methods include the need to reduce environmental and health hazards, lower effluent treatment costs, and meet international standards to open new market opportunities.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"In addition to reducing environmental and health hazards by replacing harmful chemicals (e.g. sodium sulfide), enzymatic tanning enables the more efficient use of water and energy while facilitating the recovery of valuable organic matter, such as hair. ... This shift would also enable Ethiopian tanneries to meet international standards, opening new market opportunities and enhancing their ability to export.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/-smep-leather-brief_22-09-2025.pdf","substitution":"T01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/","value":"not applicable","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Currently, 80–90% of all hides are tanned with chromium salts globally.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Currently, 80–90% of all hides are tanned with chromium salts [55].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/aut-2023-0012/pdf","substitution":"T01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/","value":"80–90%","year":"current"},{"claim":"In the Challawa Industrial Cluster in Kano, Nigeria, only about 15% of facilities have initiated partial adoption of cleaner production technologies such as enzymatic dehairing and low-sulfide liming.","geography":"Nigeria","kind":"displacement","quote":"Despite recent awareness of environmental risks, only about 15% of these facilities have initiated partial adoption of cleaner production technologies such as enzymatic dehairing and low-sulfide liming (Okoduwa et al. 2017; Gauje et al. 2022) .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/h6gwjvkysrw","substitution":"T01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/","value":"15%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Chrome tanning accounts for approximately 90 percent of U. S. tanning production.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"Chrome tanning accounts for approximately 90 percent of U. S. tanning production.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c9s15.pdf","substitution":"T01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t01/","value":"90 percent","year":"1995"},{"claim":"Enzyme washing is a sustainable replacement for traditional stone washing that reduces water usage, energy consumption, and chemical impact.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Enzyme washing can be a sustainable replacement.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5593063","substitution":"T02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/","value":"10.6% water, 1.9% energy, 1.4% CO2 reduction, 73% chemical impact score reduction, 23.33 times less TSS, 9.74 times lower COD","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Ozone-based denim finishing can reduce water use by 67% and energy use by 45% compared to conventional chemical processes.","geography":"Bangladesh","kind":"performance","quote":"The assessors estimated that the process could help achieve a 45% reduction in energy use, and 67% reduction in water use as compared to the conventional process, as well as substantial reductions in chemical use and wastewater treatment rrequirements.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.tusuka.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Tonello-Tusuka_Washing_Ltd.pdf","substitution":"T02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/","value":"45% energy reduction, 67% water reduction","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Jeanologia's sustainable production machines are estimated to be used for 35% of jeans produced worldwide.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"He estimates 35% of jeans worldwide are made using at least one of the company’s machines.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2021-sustainable-denim-jeans/","substitution":"T02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/","value":"35%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Sandblasting was banned in Bangladesh around 2013 due to its harmful effects on workers.","geography":"Bangladesh","kind":"driver","quote":"On the contrary, process like sandblasting got banned from around 2013 because of its harmful effects on workers and users.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39098215/Trend_Analysis_of_the_Costing_of_Denim_Wash_A_Study_on_Bangladeshi_Washing_Industries","substitution":"T02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/","value":"2013","year":"2013"},{"claim":"Approximately 35% of global denim production utilized enzyme-based washing in 2026, an increase from 18% in 2018.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"By 2026, approximately 35% of global denim production utilized enzyme-based washing, up from 18% in 2018, with this percentage accelerating to projected 52-55% by 2034 as regulatory mandates and brand commitments drive adoption.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/denim-enzyme-wash-chemical-market","substitution":"T02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/","value":"35% in 2026, up from 18% in 2018","year":"2018-2026"},{"claim":"More than 80% of denim finishers use cellulases either alone or in combination with other enzymes and pumice stones.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Today, a variety of cellulase preparation is available for denim washing and more than 80% of denim finishers use cellulases either alone or in combination with other enzymes and pumice stones in order to obtain a specifi c look [20] .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/v0g9812m3gm","substitution":"T02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/","value":"more than 80%","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Neutral cellulase treatment can reduce pumice stone usage by over 91%.","geography":"not applicable","kind":"displacement","quote":"This study demonstrates that neutral cellulase treatment preserved up to 85% of the fabric’s tensile strength while reducing pumice stone usage by over 91%, from 12 kg to just 1 kg, achieving uniform and consistent color fading.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/zxdxcjd0g0b","substitution":"T02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t02/","value":"over 91%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"There is no record of either established or practically tested large-scale bioprocess for the biosynthesis of indigo.","geography":"","kind":"displacement","quote":"There is no record of either established or practically tested large-scale bioprocess for the biosynthesis of indigo for the biosynthesis of indigo.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40643-023-00626-7","substitution":"T03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t03/","value":"0% displacement","year":"2023"},{"claim":"A pilot-scale demonstration of bio-indigo synthesis produced 5 kg of dry indigo powder with approximately 80% purity.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"However, it should be noted that the overall concept as demonstrated here seems valid, as we could transfer the optimized protocol for strain G5 directly to 500 L pilot scale, yielding 5 kg of dry indigo powder with approximately 80% purity (data shown in ESI figure, Fig. S12†).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/gc/d5gc01293g","substitution":"T03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t03/","value":"5 kg","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Techno-economic analysis estimates the enzymatic indican dyeing process to cost 1.5-fold the cost of conventional dyeing.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"With optimized reaction parameters (Supplementary Fig. 4), TEA estimates the enzymatic dyeing process to cost 0.2 USD per pair of jeans (Fig. 6 and Supplementary Fig. 2), i.e. 1.5-fold the cost of conventional dyeing, which is still low compared to the selling price of a pair of jeans.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45749-3","substitution":"T03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t03/","value":"1.5-fold cost","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The current global production of indigo is over 80,000 tons per year, primarily produced via synthetic chemical processes.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"This achievement marks a milestone in the history of chemistry and enabled the further scaling of indigo production to the current level of over 80 000 tons per year.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2025/gc/d5gc01293g","substitution":"T03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t03/","value":"over 80 000 tons per year","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Global indigo production is estimated at 50,000 tonnes per year.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Currently, 50.000 tonnes of indigo are produced yearly 7 , primarily for denim dyeing.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45749-3","substitution":"T03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/t03/","value":"50.000 tonnes","year":"2024"},{"claim":"In a commercial farm study, a combined probiotic-phage approach resulted in a 90% decrease in Salmonella presence, a 72% reduction in broiler mortality, and a 6.4% increase in broiler weight compared to standard conditions.","geography":"Italy","kind":"performance","quote":"Salmonella monitoring was performed in both the environment and broilers throughout the study periods, showing a significant 90 % decrease in Salmonella presence in T2 compared to T1 cycle (P ≤ 0.001). ... In parallel, broiler mortality was reduced by 72 % and broiler weight was increased by 6.4 % in T2 vs. T1 broilers (P ≤ 0.01).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/retrieve/handle/11585/1032306/365de28a-5b3d-4e61-8d92-769eed538b8f/Soffritti%202025.pdf","substitution":"V01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v01/","value":"90% decrease in Salmonella, 72% reduction in mortality, 6.4% increase in weight","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A study of 288 broilers showed that a combination of phage cocktail and probiotics significantly improved body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio compared to a control group.","geography":"not specified","kind":"performance","quote":"The 1φP treatment had significantly (p \u003c 0.05) better BW (35 days), BWG (22–35 days, 1–35 days), and FCR (1–21 days, 22–35 days, 1–35 days) compared to C.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/animals/animals-13-01328/article_deploy/animals-13-01328.pdf?version=1681350450","substitution":"V01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v01/","value":"significantly better BW, BWG, and FCR","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The removal of antibiotic growth promoters is associated with reduced performance and higher feed costs, making antibiotic-free production less sustainable than conventional production.","geography":"Canada","kind":"economics","quote":"The lost performance combined with the higher feed cost associated with the removal of AGP makes RWA production far less sustainable than conventional broiler production (Cervantes 2015).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/full/10.1139/cjas-2021-0015","substitution":"V01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v01/","value":"reduced performance and higher feed cost","year":"2021"},{"claim":"In January 2006, the European Union implemented a comprehensive ban on the use of all antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animal diets.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"Consequently, the European Union completely banned the use of all AGPs in animal diets in January 2006.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.jafs.com.pl/pdf-217151-141183?filename=Alternative-approaches-to.pdf","substitution":"V01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v01/","value":"2006","year":"2006"},{"claim":"In Belgium, sales of feed containing antibiotics fell by 89.1% between 2011 and 2024.","geography":"Belgium","kind":"displacement","quote":"A 19.2% decrease in sales of feed containing antibiotics was observed between 2023 and 2024, resulting in an overall decrease of 89.1% since 2011.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://amcra.be/swfiles/files/Publiek-rapport-2024_EN_final.pdf","substitution":"V01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v01/","value":"89.1%","year":"2011-2024"},{"claim":"Sales of veterinary antimicrobials for food-producing animals in the EU fell by 24.3% between 2018 and 2024.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2024, the consumption of veterinary antimicrobials by food-producing animals in 27 EU countries fell by 24.3% compared to 2018.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/european-zero-pollution-dashboards/indicators/antimicrobial-consumption-in-food-producing-animals","substitution":"V01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v01/","value":"24.3%","year":"2018-2024"},{"claim":"The European Union banned the use of medicinal levels of zinc oxide (2,500–3,000 ppm) in piglet feed, effective June 2022, due to environmental concerns and the promotion of antibiotic resistance.","geography":"European Union","kind":"driver","quote":"Accordingly, medicinal zinc oxide has been prohibited in the European Union effectively coming into force no later than June 2022 [24].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://porcinehealthmanagement.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40813-021-00232-z","substitution":"V02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v02/","value":"June 2022","year":"2022"},{"claim":"No single alternative practice has been identified that is as effective and inexpensive as the use of 2,500 ppm zinc oxide for treating post-weaning diarrhoea.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"First and foremost, it is important to stress that, from the work conducted, it is evident that no other practices were as effective and inexpensive as ZnO in feed at therapeutic levels (2500ppm) in treating PWD in pigs.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://pure.sruc.ac.uk/en/publications/evidence-for-farming-initiative-assessment-of-practices-to-reduce/","substitution":"V02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v02/","value":"2500ppm","year":"2023"},{"claim":"By 2018, 81% of Danish pig herds were using pharmaceutical zinc oxide (pZnO).","geography":"Denmark","kind":"displacement","quote":"Based on data from the national database Vetstat we know that by 2018, 81 % of Danish pig herds (n = 2067) were using pZnO (Nielsen et al., 2021).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/43xkfksfbt6","substitution":"V02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v02/","value":"81%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"In a survey of producers, 57% reported that weaner pigs were not fed a diet containing zinc oxide, while 36% were still feeding a diet containing zinc oxide.","geography":"United Kingdom","kind":"displacement","quote":"At the time of responding, 57% of respondents (8/14) reported weaner pigs were not fed a diet containing ZnO during the post-weaning period whereas 36% (5/14) were still feeding a diet containing ZnO.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2026.1717403/full","substitution":"V02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v02/","value":"57% not using, 36% using","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Implementation of an on-farm decision-making algorithm for antimicrobial use in diarrheic calves resulted in a 72% reduction in the number of calves treated for neonatal diarrhea.","geography":"Canada","kind":"performance","quote":"Along with a 72% reduction in the number of calves treated for neonatal diarrhea due to the AMU intervention [15], a statistically significant reduction in the RA of the sulfonamide and fluoroquinolone resistance classes and a numerical decrease in both relative abundance and overall counts of beta-lactams was observed in the Post period.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jvim/article/39/5/jvim70234/8470956","substitution":"V03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v03/","value":"72% reduction","year":"2015-2016"},{"claim":"A targeted therapy protocol that eliminated in-milk antimicrobials and restricted therapeutic use to cases with fever or depression saved approximately $10 per calf in medication and time costs.","geography":"United States","kind":"economics","quote":"On this farm, changing to the TT protocol and eliminating antimicrobials in the milk could have saved about $10 per calf.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/l5zdblynxyw","substitution":"V03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v03/","value":"$10 per calf","year":"2009"},{"claim":"Feeding pooled, pasteurized transition milk for the first 10 days of life reduced neonatal calf diarrhea mortality from 9.5% to 3% and led to a cessation in the use of highest priority critically important antibiotics (HPCIA's).","geography":"United Kingdom","kind":"performance","quote":"Mortality resulting from NCD reduced from an average of 9.5% in the 3 years to 2023 to 3% in 2023 and 2024. There was an overall reduction in antibiotic use but most notably a cessation in use of HPCIA’s.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://businesswales.gov.wales/farmingconnect/feeding-enriched-pasteurised-transition-milk-calves-january-2025-final-report","substitution":"V03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v03/","value":"9.5% to 3% mortality; cessation of HPCIA's","year":"2023-2024"},{"claim":"In a 2017 survey of California dairy producers, 18.6% reported the discontinuation of one or more antimicrobial drugs used in milk post-VFD rule implementation.","geography":"California, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"The respondents reported a decreased use of AMD in milk (10%) and in solid feed (5%), and discontinuation of one or more AMDs used in milk (18.6%) or in solid feed (5%) post-VFD rule implementation in 2017.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.636670/full","substitution":"V03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v03/","value":"18.6%","year":"2017"},{"claim":"More than two-thirds of farms in a Washington state study were not using medicated milk replacer.","geography":"Washington, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"With respect to medicated milk replacer, Raymond (2) reports that more than two-thirds of farms in his Washington study were not using medicated milk replacer, illustrating that medicated milk replacer is not necessary to maintain calf health.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://amrls.umn.edu/medicated-milk-replacer","substitution":"V03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v03/","value":"more than two-thirds","year":"2006"},{"claim":"UK antibiotic sales for food-producing animals have reduced by 59% since 2014.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"This edition of the report highlights the continued reduction in antimicrobial usage within the UK dairy sector and echoes the findings of The Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance and Sales Surveillance 2022 Report published in November 2023 which highlighted that overall, UK antibiotic sales for food-producing animals have reduced by 59% since 2014.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.kingshay.com/wp-content/uploads/Antimicrobial-Focus-Report-2023-5_compressed.pdf","substitution":"V03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v03/","value":"59%","year":"2014-2023"},{"claim":"Selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) can reduce the use of antimicrobials at dry-off by 66% compared to blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT).","geography":"global (meta-analysis of multiple trials)","kind":"performance","quote":"SDCT reduced the use of antimicrobials at dry off by 66% (95% CI: 49–80).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.688450/full","substitution":"V04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v04/","value":"66%","year":"2000-2021"},{"claim":"In Italy, 67% of surveyed farmers (representing 60% of cows) had already adopted dry cow treatment protocols that eliminated or significantly reduced antimicrobial therapy by early 2022.","geography":"Italy","kind":"displacement","quote":"The results showed that 67% of the farmers (60% of the cows) have already adopted dry cow treatment protocols that eliminated or significantly reduced the antimicrobial therapy, whereas the remaining part still used BDCT.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/g58z9tdblct","substitution":"V04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v04/","value":"67% of farmers (60% of cows)","year":"2022"},{"claim":"On Canadian dairy farms, 31% of surveyed farms reported adopting selective dry cow therapy, while 66% enacted blanket dry cow therapy.","geography":"Canada","kind":"displacement","quote":"Overall, 45 farms (31%) reported adopting selective DCT, 95 (66%) enacted blanket DCT, and 4 (3%) did not provide antimicrobial DCT.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/jvyccw9bx38","substitution":"V04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v04/","value":"31% of farms","year":"2019-2021"},{"claim":"Quarter-selective dry cow therapy (QSDCT) can result in significant additional reductions in antibiotic usage compared to cow-level selective dry cow therapy.","geography":"Germany","kind":"performance","quote":"In contrast to the selective dry cow strategies on cow-level that were previously practiced on all farms, antibiotic use was further reduced by 80.8%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/kl6gjbsmgnw","substitution":"V04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v04/","value":"80.8%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The European Union banned the prophylactic use of antibiotics (blanket dry cow therapy) in livestock effective January 2022, which has been a primary driver for the transition to selective dry cow therapy.","geography":"European Union","kind":"driver","quote":"With the new European Regulation 2019/6 on Veterinary Medicines that came into force on 28 January 2022, the prophylactic use of antibiotics is nowadays no longer authorized; thus, BDCT is no longer authorized either.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10215431/","substitution":"V04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v04/","value":"January 2022","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Field trials in Australia demonstrated that supplementation with Duddingtonia flagrans (BioWorma) significantly reduced worm burdens in tracer sheep by 57% to 84% compared to control groups.","geography":"Australia","kind":"performance","quote":"Significant reductions ranging from 57 to 84% (P \u003c 0.05) in worm burdens of the tracer sheep placed in the paddock grazed by BioWorma treated sheep were obtained in all four trials, compared to the Control group.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/fnj3jk2pz98","substitution":"V05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v05/","value":"57% to 84% reduction in worm burdens","year":"2009-2013"},{"claim":"A commercial product (Bioverm) containing D. flagrans was launched in Brazil, and a study on a commercial farm showed that it reduced the need for chemical anthelmintics, allowing the farm to deworm only animals with clinical symptoms.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"driver","quote":"The farm continued using Bioverm® for several years post-experiment, deworming solely animals with clinical symptoms.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-6772/5/1/11","substitution":"V05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v05/","value":"deworming solely animals with clinical symptoms","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A survey of organic farmers in five European countries found that while farmers were well-informed about alternative GIN control methods, few actually put them into practice.","geography":"Europe (Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Lithuania, United Kingdom)","kind":"driver","quote":"Overall, organic farmers seemed well informed on the availability of alternative GIN control methods, but fewer stated to put them into practice.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/v7r8myph6pj","substitution":"V05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v05/","value":"few stated to put them into practice","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In a survey of organic small ruminant farmers across five European countries, the proportion of farmers applying routine drenching was four times higher in conventional compared to organic producers.","geography":"Europe (Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Lithuania, United Kingdom)","kind":"performance","quote":"However, the proportion of farmers applying routine drenching was four time higher in conventional compared to organic producers.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/v7r8myph6pj","substitution":"V05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v05/","value":"four time higher","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In a 2018 national survey of Australian sheep producers, 74% of respondents reported using preventative treatments as one of their top three methods for worm control.","geography":"Australia","kind":"performance","quote":"The top three methods for worm control over the past 5 years were preventative treatments (74%), preparing clean pastures by spelling paddocks (62%) and treatment on the basis of faecal worm egg count (WEC, 54%).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.publish.csiro.au/an/AN20171","substitution":"V05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v05/","value":"74%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"In a survey of 1261 European livestock stakeholders, 56.7% of respondents considered diagnostic testing to be financially reasonable.","geography":"Europe (13 countries)","kind":"economics","quote":"Descriptive and regression analyses revealed that a majority of respondents (56.7%) considered diagnostic testing to be financially reasonable, although perceptions varied significantly between countries.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/81q4lnllz7l","substitution":"V05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v05/","value":"56.7%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"In Cuba, the implementation of an integrated anti-tick control program using the Gavac vaccine resulted in an 82% reduction in national acaricide consumption.","geography":"Cuba","kind":"displacement","quote":"The national consumption Cuba 82% after implementation integrated anti-B. control program.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.kiphub.com/paper/61e5034144348cbbb4f63292","substitution":"V06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v06/","value":"82%","year":"1995–2003"},{"claim":"In Mexico, combining tick vaccines with amidine treatments reduced the annual number of acaricide applications from 24 to 7 over a 9-year period.","geography":"Mexico","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Mexico, tick vaccines were combined with an amidine to control R. microplus, and the annual number of acaricide applications was reduced from 24 to 7 in 9-year period (62, 63).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1497840/full","substitution":"V06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v06/","value":"24 to 7 applications","year":"9-year period"},{"claim":"In a strategic control study, alternating synthetic acaricide with Metarhizium anisopliae resulted in a 33.3% reduction in chemical acaricide use.","geography":"tropical climate region","kind":"displacement","quote":"In the strategic control study, alternating four applications of a synthetic acaricide with two applications of M. anisopliae resulted in a 33.3% reduction in chemical acaricide use.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/xwq11mrl3z3","substitution":"V06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v06/","value":"33.3%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"One organic dairy producer reduced pyrethrin insecticide applications from an average of 2.5 per season to a single application in 2001, resulting in an average annual pesticide cost savings of $187.50.","geography":"USA (Maine)","kind":"economics","quote":"One producer reduced applications of pyrethrin insecticides for fly control from an average of 2.5 per season to a single application during 2001 for an average annual pesticide cost savings of $187.50.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"http://www1.maine.gov/dacf/php/integrated_pest_management/documents/fly_biocontrol_2001_public_rpt.pdf","substitution":"V07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v07/","value":"2.5 to 1 application per season","year":"2001"},{"claim":"A dairy producer using parasitoids and different fly baits reduced pesticide use by an estimated 75% and successfully addressed an insecticide resistance problem.","geography":"USA (Arkansas)","kind":"displacement","quote":"By using parasites and fly baits with a different insecticide, he reduced his pesticide use by an estimated 75% and reduced his fly problem.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://projects.sare.org/project-reports/os03-016/","substitution":"V07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v07/","value":"75% reduction in pesticide use","year":"2003-2004 period"},{"claim":"Parasitic wasp releases in Kansas feedlots resulted in stable fly reductions averaging 28%, 42%, and 38% during 1991, 1992, and 1993, respectively.","geography":"USA (Kansas)","kind":"performance","quote":"Release of parasitic wasps has resulted in stable fly reductions averaging 28, 42 and 38% for 1991, 1992, and 1993, respectively, with considerable variation from feedlot to feedlot.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/td2n4fc7lz5","substitution":"V07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v07/","value":"28%, 42%, and 38% reduction","year":"1991-1993"},{"claim":"Biopesticides, which include macrobials like pteromalid wasps, currently comprise approximately 10% of the total global crop protection market.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Although biopesticides represent merely 10% of the world’s crop protection market (Marrone, 2024), demand is growing rapidly across multiple regions.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"V07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v07/","value":"10%","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Nearly two-thirds of Brazilian farmers now integrate biopesticide solutions in their pest management strategies.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"economics","quote":"whereas nearly two thirds of Brazilian farmers now integrate these solutions in their pest management strategies (McKinsey \u0026 Company, 2024).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/junoreports.2026.0001","substitution":"V07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v07/","value":"nearly two thirds","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The adoption of IPM and its economic thresholds in soybeans resulted in an average reduction of 40.1% of insecticides applied to control stink bugs in Brazil between the 2015/16 and 2020/21 growing seasons.","geography":"Brazil","kind":"displacement","quote":"The adoption of IPM and its ETs in soybeans resulted in an average reduction of 40.1% of insecticides applied to control stink bugs (considering the growing seasons from 2015/16 to 2020/21), ranging from 26.3% (2015/16) to 53.0% (2017/18).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2532","substitution":"V07","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v07/","value":"40.1%","year":"2015/16 to 2020/21"},{"claim":"Some egg producers have shifted from conventional chemical-based products to using predatory mites and parasitic wasps for red mite control.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"A growing number of egg producers have turned to parasitic wasps and predatory mites to achieve control of fly and red mite populations.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.farminguk.com/news/finding-non-chemical-alternatives-for-fly-and-red-mite-control_58459.html","substitution":"V08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v08/","value":"growing number of egg producers","year":"2021"},{"claim":"Silica-based products are an effective alternative to synthetic acaricides for controlling poultry red mite populations in commercial chicken houses.","geography":"Germany","kind":"performance","quote":"The experiments in a commercial chicken farm showed that it is possible to control the mite population for a period of 46 weeks by using physically effective SiO2-based products. These products are therefore an effective alternative to the use of chemical acaricides.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10493-020-00541-y","substitution":"V08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v08/","value":"46 weeks","year":"2020"},{"claim":"The switch to biological control was driven by the withdrawal of chemical products due to consumer safety standards and increasing mite resistance to remaining chemicals.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"However, many products have been withdrawn due to consumer safety standards and those that remain available are suffering from ever increasing red mite resistance.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.farminguk.com/news/finding-non-chemical-alternatives-for-fly-and-red-mite-control_58459.html","substitution":"V08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v08/","value":"consumer safety standards and increasing red mite resistance","year":"2021"},{"claim":"The global biopesticide market share grew from 1% in 1998 to approximately 10% in 2022.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Nevertheless, it is clear that the biopesticide sector represents a small portion of the global pesticide market, as well as the fact that this sector has been growing rapidly: from a mere 1% of the global market in 1998 to approximately 10% in 2022 [6,8,29].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/16/1/95","substitution":"V08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v08/","value":"1% in 1998 to approximately 10% in 2022","year":"1998-2022"},{"claim":"Synthetic acaricides account for approximately 72% of global consumption, while natural or biological acaricides represent around 28% share.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"According to the Acaricides Market Research Report, synthetic acaricides account for approximately 72% of global consumption, while natural or biological acaricides represent around 28% share.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.globalmarketstatistics.com/market-reports/acaricides-market-16771","substitution":"V08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v08/","value":"72% synthetic, 28% natural/biological","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Nearly 55% of commercial farms combine chemical acaricides with biological control methods.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"The Acaricides Industry Analysis shows increasing adoption of integrated pest management practices, with nearly 55% of commercial farms combining chemical acaricides with biological control methods.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.globalmarketstatistics.com/market-reports/acaricides-market-16771","substitution":"V08","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v08/","value":"55%","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Norway discontinued the prophylactic use of coccidiostats in 2016 and transitioned all broiler flocks to routine vaccination with live attenuated Eimeria oocysts.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"Norway discontinued the prophylactic use of coccidiostats in broiler production in 2016, and all broilers are now raised without the routine use of coccidiostats. As an alternative strategy to control coccidiosis, all broiler flocks in Norway are now routinely vaccinated at hatch with vaccines based on live attenuated Eimeria oocysts.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://rvc-repository.worktribe.com/output/2666226/a-new-era-of-coccidiosis-control-eimeria-and-clostridium-perfringens-dynamics-in-vaccinated-broiler-flocks-after-the-ionophore-phase-out-in-norway","substitution":"V09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/","value":"","year":"2016-present"},{"claim":"Large-scale field trials showed that vaccination increased the production index (PI) by 2.45 to 23.55 compared to previous trials.","geography":"unspecified (likely South Korea based on context)","kind":"performance","quote":"Compared with the PI of the previous 9–10 trials on each farm, the PI increased by 2.45 to 23.55.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11281675/","substitution":"V09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/","value":"","year":"2021-2023"},{"claim":"In Belgian field trials, the use of a live coccidiosis vaccine reduced the days of enteric antibiotic treatment per cycle by 16.14% during vaccination and 45.24% after vaccination.","geography":"Belgium","kind":"performance","quote":"There is a reduction with regard to the days of treatment per cycle of 16.14% during (CDV) and 45.24% after vaccination (CAV).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://eimeriaprevention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/REDUCTION-OF-ANTIBIOTIC-TREATMENTS-IN-BROILERS-BY-THE-USE-OF-A-LIVE-COCCIDIOSIS-VACCINE.pdf","substitution":"V09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/","value":"","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"The switch to vaccination in Belgium was driven by political expectations concerning antimicrobial resistance and the need for sustainable policies.","geography":"Belgium","kind":"driver","quote":"All these data show that the implementation of a coccidiosis vaccination in a rotation programme for coccidiosis control could be one of the solutions to respond to the political expectations concerning antimicrobial resistance.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://eimeriaprevention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/REDUCTION-OF-ANTIBIOTIC-TREATMENTS-IN-BROILERS-BY-THE-USE-OF-A-LIVE-COCCIDIOSIS-VACCINE.pdf","substitution":"V09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/","value":"","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Norway discontinued the prophylactic use of coccidiostats in broiler production in 2016, and all broiler flocks are now routinely vaccinated at hatch.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"Norway discontinued the prophylactic use of coccidiostats in broiler production in 2016, and all broilers are now raised without the routine use of coccidiostats. As an alternative strategy to control coccidiosis, all broiler flocks in Norway are now routinely vaccinated at hatch with vaccines based on live attenuated Eimeria oocysts.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://nva.sikt.no/registration/019be0038476-54161fde-2904-4000-b799-725714096b50","substitution":"V09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/","value":"100% (all broiler flocks)","year":"2016-present"},{"claim":"In Canada, coccidiosis vaccines were administered in 13% of broiler chicken flocks, 16% of turkey flocks, and 29% of layer flocks in the 2018-2023 period.","geography":"Canada","kind":"driver","quote":"coccidiosis vaccines were administered in 13% of broiler chicken flocks, 16% of turkey flocks, and 29% of layer flocks.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/67pxq4q02c3","substitution":"V09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/","value":"13% (broilers), 16% (turkeys), 29% (layers)","year":"2018-2023"},{"claim":"Raised Without Antibiotic programs, which include removing ionophores from diets, represent approximately 50% of USA poultry production.","geography":"USA","kind":"driver","quote":"‘Raised Without Antibiotic’ programmes (includes removing ionophores from diets) now represent approximately 50% of USA poultry production, has resulted in compromised production results as illustrated in Table 1.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/q99vr712pzg","substitution":"V09","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v09/","value":"50%","year":"2021"},{"claim":"In Germany, the use of natural organic acids for Varroa control increased significantly, with over 50% of respondents reporting their use by 2009 and 72% by 2024.","geography":"Germany","kind":"displacement","quote":"By 2009 more than 50% of all respondents reported using only natural organics acids (formic, oxalic and/or lactic acids) (2024: 72%).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/lw1cyls16t5","substitution":"V10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v10/","value":"72% by 2024","year":"1996–2024"},{"claim":"The adoption of total brood removal (TBR) compared to other techniques led to an increase in total revenue ranging from 11% to 28%.","geography":"Italy","kind":"performance","quote":"In all the classes identified, the use of TBR, compared with other techniques, led to an increase in total revenue varying from 11% to 28%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2302","substitution":"V10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v10/","value":"11% to 28% increase in total revenue","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Biotechnical practices like total brood removal result in decreased treatment costs (33% to 56% reduction) but increased feeding costs compared to chemical control.","geography":"Italy","kind":"economics","quote":"The comparison of data between the TBR biotechnique vs. chemical control permits to observe that there is evidence of a decrease in the expenses related to treatments with oxalic acid (from 33% to 56%) and an increase in the expenses related to feeding (from +71% to +214%) (Table 9).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2302","substitution":"V10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v10/","value":"33% to 56% decrease in treatment expenses","year":"2020"},{"claim":"Large-scale commercial beekeepers primarily rely on chemical treatments, and many alternative treatments have limitations that prevent widespread adoption.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"While multiple management strategies exist for Varroa control, large-scale commercial beekeepers primarily rely on chemical treatments to control mites 11, 12. This reliance on chemical treatments has resulted in Varroa resistance to some synthetic acaricides, which reduces the effectiveness of these treatments 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. While other chemical Varroa treatments with different active ingredients exist, many of them have limitations that have prevented widespread adoption 12.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-44796-8","substitution":"V10","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v10/","value":"primary reliance on chemical treatments","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Commercial enzyme-based additives such as FUMzyme, containing fumonisin esterase, are authorized for use in animal feed to reduce fumonisin contamination.","geography":"EU","kind":"performance","quote":"One of the methods of feed detoxification approved by the relevant institutions is the commercial enzyme-based additive FUMzyme®, produced by Biomin GmbH, Austria.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/819","substitution":"V11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v11/","value":"authorized for use with all pigs, all poultry, and all avian species","year":"2021-2024"},{"claim":"The bacterial strain BBSH 797 is used as a feed additive to reduce the harmful effects of deoxynivalenol.","geography":"EU","kind":"performance","quote":"These bacteria are added as feed additives under the trade name of the product Biomin ® BBSH 797, which reduces the harmful effects of deoxynivalenol [91,92,93].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11477962/","substitution":"V11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v11/","value":"Biomin® BBSH 797","year":"2016-2017"},{"claim":"Biological detoxification methods are often limited in commercial practice by the high cost of enzyme purification and production.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"Despite the fact that enzymatic methods show effectiveness in the elimination of mycotoxins, their use in the detoxification of feed is limited, mainly due to the high cost of enzyme purification and acquisition of finished preparations.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11477962/","substitution":"V11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v11/","value":"high cost of enzyme purification and acquisition","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Current global adoption rates for novel mycotoxin degrading enzymes in livestock production average 32-38%.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Current global adoption rates average 32-38% across all livestock production segments, with significant regional variation from 55-65% penetration in Europe and North America to 10-15% in developing Asia Pacific markets and Sub-Saharan Africa.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/novel-mycotoxin-degrading-enzymes-for-animal-feed-market","substitution":"V11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v11/","value":"32-38%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Enzyme market penetration reaches 55-65% in regulated markets like Europe and North America.","geography":"Europe and North America","kind":"performance","quote":"Regulatory non-compliance penalties ranging from $50,000-$5 million USD plus market access restrictions have created strong economic incentives for preventive enzyme adoption, with enzyme market penetration reaching 55-65% in regulated markets like Europe and North America versus 10-15% in less regulated regions, indicating substantial growth potential as regulatory harmonization expands globally.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/novel-mycotoxin-degrading-enzymes-for-animal-feed-market","substitution":"V11","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v11/","value":"55-65%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Hydrogen peroxide nebulization demonstrated comparable results to formaldehyde fumigation regarding hatching rates, performance, and slaughter parameters in a commercial field trial.","geography":"Germany","kind":"performance","quote":"All in all, the disinfection of hatching eggs either with H2O2or formaldehyde fumigation demonstrated comparable results concerning hatching rates, performance and slaughter parameters.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2674-1164/2/1/1","substitution":"V12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/","value":"comparable results","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Alternative disinfectants (Virocid and Imazigard) were found to be approximately four times less expensive per egg than liquid formalin in a commercial hatchery trial.","geography":"South Africa","kind":"economics","quote":"While the price of a liter of liquid formalin is less than a liter of either Virocid or Imazigard, the price to disinfect an egg during the trial was approximately four times less for each of these disinfectants when compared to formalin.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://repository.up.ac.za/items/de0dc7a3-96f2-480e-86c7-ae1c76346927","substitution":"V12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/","value":"four times less","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP) performed as well as the industry standard formaldehyde fogging program in a commercial hatchery trial, achieving similar hatchability.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"The results of this trial demonstrate that DHP, in the single-stage system utilized, performed as well as the industry standard formaldehyde fogging program.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.uspoultry.org/programs/research/search-abstracts/repository/PROJ_727.html","substitution":"V12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/","value":"85.88% and 86.1% (hatchability)","year":"2022-2023"},{"claim":"Drivers for switching include the undesirable effects of formaldehyde on equipment, chick respiratory quality, and hatchery workers, as well as potential regulatory bans.","geography":"United States","kind":"driver","quote":"But as the undesirable effects on equipment, chick respiratory quality and hatchery workers were realized, the practice was discontinued in many places. ... This is significant for the poultry industry, as it shows that there is a viable alternative for formaldehyde use, especially since formaldehyde has already been banned in some states and is currently under risk evaluation with the Environmental Protection Agency, which could lead to a total ban.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.uspoultry.org/programs/research/search-abstracts/repository/PROJ_727.html","substitution":"V12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/","value":"not applicable","year":"2022-2023"},{"claim":"In a commercial hatchery trial, Virocid and Imazigard were found to be cost-effective alternatives to formalin for disinfecting eggs during the final stages of incubation.","geography":"South Africa","kind":"economics","quote":"It thus showed that Virocid and Imazigard, if used at the dilution and application rate as per this trial, is more cost-effective than formalin for disinfecting eggs during the final stages of incubation in a hatchery.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://repository.up.ac.za/items/de0dc7a3-96f2-480e-86c7-ae1c76346927","substitution":"V12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/","value":"four times less for each of these disinfectants when compared to formalin","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Formalin is no longer or only sporadically used for disinfection in healthcare settings in the Netherlands.","geography":"Netherlands","kind":"displacement","quote":"The 2016 study already found that formalin is no longer (or only sporadically) used for disinfecƟon in healthcare (Le Blansch and Heesen, 2016, p. 16).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.tweedekamer.nl/downloads/document?id=2024D10666","substitution":"V12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/","value":"no longer (or only sporadically) used","year":"2016"},{"claim":"Biopesticide consumption in India constitutes approximately 9% of the total pesticide usage.","geography":"India","kind":"performance","quote":"In India, biopesticide consumption constitutes approximately 9% of the total pesticide usage, which remains comparatively low.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/mktdrv9qmfx","substitution":"V12","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v12/","value":"9%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"The sterile insect technique (SIT) has successfully displaced the need for continuous insecticide treatment of livestock wounds by eradicating the New World screwworm from the United States, Mexico, and most of Central America.","geography":"North and Central America","kind":"displacement","quote":"As a result of a 45-year area-wide campaign, suppression and eradication have been achieved in the USA, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama north of the Canal, some Caribbean Islands, and the outbreak in Libya, North Africa.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fao.org/4/ah499e/ah499e.pdf","substitution":"V13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v13/","value":"eradicated from the USA, Mexico, and most of Central America","year":"1950s-2026"},{"claim":"SIT is considered an environmentally friendly alternative to broad chemical pesticide applications because it is species-specific and non-toxic.","geography":"","kind":"performance","quote":"USDA further describes SIT as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to widespread chemical pesticide use because only screwworm larvae—not adult flies—cause damage to animals, and sterile flies do not produce larvae.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R49124","substitution":"V13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v13/","value":"species-specific, nontoxic alternative to broad chemical pesticide applications","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Eradication programs using SIT have demonstrated high benefit-cost ratios, such as 50:1 in the Libya campaign and ranging from 2:1 to 4.5:1 in Mexico.","geography":"","kind":"economics","quote":"While the programme cost close to US $75 million, a benefit–cost ratio of 50:1 has been estimated.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/21/07/ipc-thematic-plan-screwworms.pdf","substitution":"V13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v13/","value":"50:1 (Libya), 2 to 4.5:1 (Mexico)","year":"1980s-2000s"},{"claim":"The primary driver for the switch to SIT was the high economic cost of screwworm infestations, including animal mortality, production losses, and the ongoing expense of labor and chemical treatments.","geography":"","kind":"driver","quote":"This pest has caused livestock producers to sustain monetary losses as a result of animal mortalities, decreased weight gains, and additional labor costs, additional veterinarian services, additional expense for medicine and insecticides, and damaged hides.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/speccoll_guides/Mexican_American_Screwworm_Eval.pdf","substitution":"V13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v13/","value":"monetary losses from animal mortalities, decreased weight gains, and additional labor/medicine/insecticide costs","year":"1950s-2026"},{"claim":"As a result of a 45-year area-wide campaign, suppression and eradication of the New World screwworm have been achieved in the USA, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama north of the Canal.","geography":"USA, Mexico, and Central America","kind":"displacement","quote":"As a result of a 45-year area-wide campaign, suppression and eradication have been achieved in the USA, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama north of the Canal, some Caribbean Islands, and the outbreak in Libya, North Africa.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.fao.org/4/ah499e/ah499e.pdf","substitution":"V13","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/v13/","value":"45-year area-wide campaign","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"A textile industry case study showed a 25% sludge reduction and improved biodegradability using a plant-based biocoagulant compared to aluminum sulfate.","geography":"not specified","kind":"performance","quote":"A textile industry case study showed a 25% sludge reduction and improved biodegradability using a plant-based biocoagulant compared to aluminum sulfate.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/6/1706","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"25% sludge reduction","year":"2020-2025"},{"claim":"Natural coagulants/flocculants have been reported to produce substantially smaller sludge volume, up to five times less than chemical coagulants/flocculants.","geography":"not specified","kind":"performance","quote":"In many researches, NC/Fs have been reported to produce substantially smaller sludge volume (up to five times lesser than chemical C/Fs).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2023/ra/d3ra01999c","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"up to five times lesser","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Economic analysis indicated that, under optimal conditions, the harvesting of 1 metric ton of wet algal biomass would cost approximately $0.037 compared to alum-based treatment.","geography":"not specified","kind":"economics","quote":"Economic analysis indicated that, under optimal conditions, the harvesting of 1 metric ton (MT) of wet algal biomass would cost approximately $0.28 when alum was used. Surprisingly, when a natural coagulant was used, the cost was drastically reduced to only $0.037 per MT.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12575516/","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"$0.037 per MT vs $0.28 per MT","year":"2019"},{"claim":"One review reports that a case study found a 25% sludge reduction and improved biodegradability using a plant-based biocoagulant compared with aluminum sulfate.","geography":"not specified","kind":"economics","quote":"A textile industry case study showed a 25% sludge reduction and improved biodegradability using a plant-based biocoagulant compared to aluminum sulfate.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/6/1706","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"25% sludge reduction","year":"2020 to 2025 (case study cited within the review)"},{"claim":"The industrial wastewater review gives examples of high removal efficiencies achieved by natural coagulants, including 100% color removal with a tannin coagulant in one cited study.","geography":"not specified","kind":"performance","quote":"The tannins were found to achieve 100% color removal at 180 mg L−1.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10291875/","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"100% color removal at 180 mg L−1","year":"not specified (cited study; review published 2023)"},{"claim":"Approximately 60% of large municipal treatment facilities (serving populations \u003e500,000) in developed regions now operate with bioflocculant-based coagulation protocols in their treatment trains.","geography":"developed regions","kind":"displacement","quote":"Municipal water authorities across developed regions have adopted bioflocculant specifications as standard procurement criteria, with approximately 60% of large treatment facilities (serving populations \u003e500,000) now operating with bioflocculant-based coagulation protocols in their treatment trains.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/bioflocculant-market","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"60%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Plant-derived bioflocculants account for 31.2% of the bioflocculant market share.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Plant-derived bioflocculants account for 31.2% market share in 2025, valued at $374.4 million, sourced from botanical materials including Moringa oleifera seeds, various algae species, and agricultural residues containing natural coagulating polysaccharides and proteins.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/bioflocculant-market","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"31.2%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Water treatment applications represent 42.8% of the bioflocculant market share.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Water treatment applications dominate bioflocculant demand, representing 42.8% market share in 2025 equivalent to $514.6 million, encompassing municipal potable water treatment, groundwater remediation, and industrial process water purification.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/bioflocculant-market","substitution":"W01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w01/","value":"42.8%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Denitrifying bioreactors are being adopted as a conservation practice in the United States, with organizations like the USDA-NRCS accelerating their adoption and states like Iowa and Illinois including them in their nutrient loss reduction strategies.","geography":"United States (Midwest)","kind":"driver","quote":"Practitioners and organizations across many sectors in the United States (e.g., watershed groups, nonprofits, extension programs, and governmental agencies such as USDA-NRCS) are accelerating the adoption of denitrifying bioreactors (Christianson et al., 2012a) . Iowa and Illinois nutrient loss reduction strategies include bioreactors as a central technique for reaching nitrate goals (Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy, 2013; Illinois Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy, 2015) .","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/hfpj6fmmpwt","substitution":"W02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w02/","value":"not applicable","year":"2013-2015 onwards"},{"claim":"In Denmark, woodchip bioreactors and constructed wetlands were part of a collective measure plan to reduce nitrogen losses, though implementation has been slower than expected.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"driver","quote":"The establishment of free water surface-constructed wetlands and woodchip bioreactors was a central part of the so-called collective measures to be implemented from 2015 to 2021, and the plan was that these would reduce N losses to the sea by 900 t N per year or 15% of the total expected reductions (MST, 2015). However, an assessment made in 2020 showed that the expected effect at the end of 2021 would be only 332 t N per year due to slower implementation than expected (Ministry of Environment \u0026 Food, 2020).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-023-11358-8","substitution":"W02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w02/","value":"332 t N per year (actual) vs 900 t N per year (planned)","year":"2015-2021"},{"claim":"Woodchip bioreactors in Denmark have been found to be more expensive than standard nitrogen reduction measures, with costs per kg N removed being approximately 50% higher than standard costs defined by authorities.","geography":"Denmark","kind":"economics","quote":"For the four woodchip bioreactors considered in the cost efficiency analysis, the N removal cost was around DKK 350 per kg N ($50 per kg N), which is ca. 50% higher than the standard costs defined by the Danish authorities.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-023-11358-8","substitution":"W02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w02/","value":"DKK 350 per kg N ($50 per kg N)","year":"2023"},{"claim":"In Illinois, the number of field-scale bioreactors increased from 20 in 2017 to 37 in 2019.","geography":"Illinois, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"By 2019, Illinois had 37 fieldscale bioreactors treating approximately 1,345 drained acres, which was an increase from 20 reported bioreactors (611 treated acres) in 2017 (IDOA and IEPA, 2019) .","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/9sbyx53mjp7","substitution":"W02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w02/","value":"20 to 37 bioreactors","year":"2017-2019"},{"claim":"In a survey of Iowa landowners and farmers, the reported adoption rate for bioreactors was 2.1% in 2023.","geography":"Iowa, USA","kind":"displacement","quote":"Bioreactors 2.8 607 2.1 334","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.card.iastate.edu/files/publications/pdf/24PB41.pdf","substitution":"W02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w02/","value":"2.1%","year":"2023"},{"claim":"A facility in Sweden (Alleima Tubes) successfully replaced biocides with UV treatment in its furnace cooling system, resulting in annual savings of 14,000 euro and reduced operating costs by more than 90%.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"economics","quote":"Alleima's total annual savings amounted to 14 000 euro. The calculations include costs for biocides, electricity, spare parts and maintenance hours by personnel. The main savings are due to reduced consumption of biocides. ... Reduced operating costs with more than 90%","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://walleniuswater.com/en/wallenius-water-innovation/articles/customer-cases/2024-08-14-alleima-stops-using-biocides-in-cooling-system","substitution":"W03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w03/","value":"14 000 euro; \u003e90% reduction in operating costs","year":"2023-2024"},{"claim":"A semiconductor manufacturing facility in France switched from hypobromous acid (HOBr) to an on-site generated hypochlorous acid and chlorine dioxide blend (HOCl+ClO2), reducing total operating costs by 170,000 euro per year.","geography":"France","kind":"economics","quote":"After making the switch and implementing routine ATP testing, the facility was able to eliminate the use of HOBr as well as a biodetergent and isothiazolinone, reducing operating costs by €170,000 per year*.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.luminultra.com/wp-content/uploads/LTL_ROI-Case-Study_Industrial-Water_Using-ATP-for-Reducing-Legionella-Risk-in-Cooling-Towers.pdf","substitution":"W03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w03/","value":"€170,000 per year","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"Combined phage-chlorine treatment achieved \u003e90% biofilm reduction in laboratory-scale evaluations of biocide-resistant Klebsiella quasipneumoniae.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"combined phage-chlorine treatment achieved \u003e90% biofilm reduction and considerably reduced the emergence of phage-resistant mutants compared with phage monotherapy.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/g9tsgs63p4t","substitution":"W03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w03/","value":"\u003e90% biofilm reduction","year":"2026"},{"claim":"As of 2025, bio-based disinfectants account for approximately 8.4% of the total global disinfectants market.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"As of 2025, bio-based disinfectants account for approximately 8.4% of the total global disinfectants market, a share expected to nearly double to 15-18% by 2034 as regulatory restrictions on synthetic actives intensify and efficacy validation accelerates.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://marketintelo.com/report/bio-based-disinfectants-market","substitution":"W03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w03/","value":"8.4%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Enzymatic and bio-based biocides represent 30% of the environmentally benign biocides for industrial water market as of 2026.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Enzymatic and bio-based biocides represent the most rapidly advancing product category, securing a 30% market share.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.factmr.com/report/environmentally-benign-biocides-for-industrial-water-market","substitution":"W03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w03/","value":"30%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Approximately 40% of potatoes sold in UK supermarkets are currently treated with APS Biocontrol’s phage formulations.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"However, some commercial success stories show promising signs: for instance, 40% of potatoes sold in UK supermarkets are currently treated with APS Biocontrol’s phage formulations [157].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/m4ch79ly0kv","substitution":"W03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w03/","value":"40%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Currently, over 95% of produced water is managed through underground injection.","geography":"U.S.","kind":"displacement","quote":"Currently over 95 % of PW is managed through underground injection.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389425014979","substitution":"W04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w04/","value":"","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A pilot-scale bio-unit achieved significantly higher removal rates for TDS, TSS, TOC, salinity, and COD compared to an existing physical treatment unit in a crude oil facility.","geography":"Nigeria","kind":"performance","quote":"The percentage removal of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Salinity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) using the Bio-Unit were 98.2%, 96.8%, 98.5%, 96.7%, 97.6%, respectively, while for the physical treatment (PTU) process were 31.5%, 55.3%, 82.2%, 37.1% and 73.8%, respectively.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/j.ajche.20231105.12","substitution":"W04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w04/","value":"","year":"2023"},{"claim":"A pilot-scale combined SBR and ceramic membrane bioreactor process achieved a unit treatment cost of 0.21 USD/m3, saving 62.5% in energy costs compared to a conventional membrane bioreactor process.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"The capital expenditure for operating the full-scale combined SBR and C−MBR process was 251,717 USD, and the cost for treating high-salinity oil recovery wastewater was 0.21 USD/m3. The energy cost of the conventional MBR process was 0.56 USD/m3, and the combined process reduced the energy cost by 62.5% [32].","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9144106/","substitution":"W04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w04/","value":"","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In a full-scale study treating potato processing wastewater, the EBPR approach reduced iron chloride consumption by 55% compared to conventional chemical P-precipitation.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"Both systems maintained robust biological nitrogen removal throughout the study period, but the EBPR approach achieved comparable nutrient removal performance while reducing iron chloride consumption by 55%, aeration demand by 50%, and sludge production per unit COD removed by 33%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/d78kfvpxh7p","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"55% reduction in iron chloride consumption","year":"2026"},{"claim":"At the Hias WWTP, implementing the Hias Process (a biofilm EBPR system) reduced the yearly average use of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) by 59% compared to the 2015-2021 baseline.","geography":"Norway","kind":"displacement","quote":"Yearly average use was 1,409 tonnes from 2015 to 2021, while the yearly average since 2022 is 572 tonnes, resulting in a reduction of 59% and 380 tonnes kg CO2-eq. less released into the atmosphere.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/f00b9tsn24j","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"59% reduction in PAC usage","year":"2022-2024"},{"claim":"In Sweden, chemical precipitation is more common than biological phosphorus removal, with only 46 out of 519 surveyed wastewater treatment plants reporting the use of biological phosphorus removal.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"I Sverige idag är kemisk fällning vanligare än den biologiska metoden, och enligt Svenskt Vattens databas VASS (VASS, 2024) finns totalt 46 svenska avloppsreningsverk som drivs med bio-P i högre eller lägre grad, varav 32 är större än 2000 personekvivalenter (PE).","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://va-tekniksodra.se/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/VA-teknik-Sodra-Rapport-2025-15.pdf","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"46 out of 519 plants","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Drivers for switching to EBPR include rising costs of chemical precipitation, compliance with EU regulations, and concerns regarding chemical shortages.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"Angående motiven för att införa bio-P på reningsverket svarar den absoluta majoriteten att minskad kemikalie- och resursåtgång är huvudskälet och flera nämner i samband med det även risken för kemikaliebrist som ett skäl.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://va-tekniksodra.se/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/VA-teknik-Sodra-Rapport-2025-15.pdf","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"reduced chemical/resource consumption and risk of chemical shortage","year":"2025"},{"claim":"In Poland, 26.7% of the 131 analyzed wastewater treatment plants were operating without chemical phosphorus removal, using only mechanical-biological processes.","geography":"Poland","kind":"displacement","quote":"The results presented in Table 4 show that 35 analyzed WWTPs (~ 26,7%) were operating without chemical P removal using only mechanical-biological processes.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/7yx41stf5x2","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"26.7%","year":"2022"},{"claim":"In Sweden, approximately 30 out of 429 wastewater treatment plants serving over 2000 population equivalents currently operate using EBPR.","geography":"Sweden","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Sweden, there are 429 WWTPs serving over 2000 population equivalents (PE) (Villner and Myhr, 2022), approximately 30 of which currently operate using EBPR—often supplemented with chemical post-precipitation (Jonsson ¨ et al., n.d.).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/nv23pnr0127","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"approximately 30 of 429","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Staff at the Fairfax County wastewater treatment plants reported that their chemical dosing was cut in half after EBPR was installed.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Staff at the Fairfax County WWTPs reported that their chemical dosing was cut in half after EBNR was installed to remove phosphorus.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-02/documents/advanced-wastewater-treatment-low-concentration-phosphorus.pdf","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"cut in half","year":"2019"},{"claim":"In a full-scale study treating potato processing wastewater, the EBPR approach reduced iron chloride consumption by 55%.","geography":"not specified","kind":"performance","quote":"Both systems maintained robust biological nitrogen removal throughout the study period, but the EBPR approach achieved comparable nutrient removal performance while reducing iron chloride consumption by 55%, aeration demand by 50%, and sludge production per unit COD removed by 33%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/d78kfvpxh7p","substitution":"W05","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w05/","value":"55%","year":"2026"},{"claim":"Thiopaq has been deployed in over 350 installations worldwide for biogas desulfurization since its 1993 debut, with over 25 successful oil and gas (O\u0026G) units commissioned since 2002.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since its debut in the biogas sector in 1993, Thiopaq has been deployed in more than 350 installations worldwide. Its adaptation for oil and gas, Thiopaq O\u0026G, has seen more than 25 successful start-ups globally since its launch nearly a decade later.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.digitalrefining.com/article/1003354/fresh-momentum-for-paqells-thiopaq-o-and-g-the-biological-sru","substitution":"W06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/","value":"","year":"1993-2025"},{"claim":"The Thiopaq O\u0026G process demonstrates higher H2S removal efficiency (99.999%) compared to the Claus process (99.90%) while operating at ambient temperature and pressure.","geography":"global","kind":"performance","quote":"THIOPAQ sulfur recovery as a new technology is a biological desulfurization process that uses a natural mixture of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. It is also a unique H2S removal process with an efficiency of 99.999%.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s44147-023-00356-9","substitution":"W06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/","value":"","year":"2024"},{"claim":"A comparative study of a 50 tons per day sulfur production unit showed that the Thiopaq O\u0026G process has lower capital (44 million euros vs 98 million euros) and operating costs (3.56 million euros vs 4.2 million euros) than the Claus process.","geography":"global","kind":"economics","quote":"The vendor’s total capital cost of the two THIOPAQ trains is 44 million euros, and the operating cost is 3.56 million euros for producing about 50 tons per day of sulfur product. The vendor’s total capital cost of the two Claus trains is 98 million euros, and the operating cost is 4.2 million euros for producing about 50 tons per day of sulfur product.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s44147-023-00356-9","substitution":"W06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/","value":"","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Drivers for switching to biological desulfurization include the need for sustainable, cost-effective solutions for small- to medium-sized gas streams, reduced chemical consumption, and the ability to operate at ambient conditions without toxic chemicals.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"For gas streams with a medium sulphur load, in particular between 1 and 20 ton S/day, scavengers are not suitable due to their high Opex, while a traditional SRU has a relatively high Capex. Sustainable solutions are required to fill the gap. This is where Paqell’s Thiopaq O\u0026G (TOG) steps in, offering a biological approach that is both cost-effective and environmentally sound.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.digitalrefining.com/article/1003354/fresh-momentum-for-paqells-thiopaq-o-and-g-the-biological-sru","substitution":"W06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/","value":"","year":"2025"},{"claim":"Since the 1990s, more than 200 installations of Thiopaq for biodesulfurization of biogas have been under commissioning or startup.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Since the 1990s, more than 200 installations of Thiopaq® for biodesulfurization of biogas and around 15 installations of Thiopaq O\u0026G for biodesulfurization in the oil and gas industry have been under commissioning or startup.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359511324003672","substitution":"W06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/","value":"more than 200 installations","year":"1990s-2025"},{"claim":"As of the first quarter of 2026, the total number of biological desulfurization units in operation globally has exceeded 2,400.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"随着各国对硫氧化物排放限值进一步收紧，2026年第一季度全球在运生物脱硫装置总数已超过2,400套，较2025年同期净增约320套，行业进入规模化部署阶段。","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"http://www.iim.net.cn/103/view-226646-1.html","substitution":"W06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/","value":"exceeded 2,400 units","year":"2026 Q1"},{"claim":"The Danish company BioGasclean has supplied more than 100 BiogasCleaner desulfurization plants.","geography":"global","kind":"displacement","quote":"The Danish company BioGasclean has supplied more than 100 BiogasCleaner ® desulfurization plants.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.teknologisk.dk/_/media/60599_Biogas%20upgrading.%20Evaluation%20of%20methods%20for%20H2S%20removal.pdf","substitution":"W06","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/w06/","value":"more than 100 plants","year":"not specified"},{"claim":"In specific intervention areas, the share of burning as a predominant crop residue management method has decreased from approximately 90% in 2018 to 50% in recent years, with some areas achieving less than 5% burning.","geography":"Punjab and Haryana, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"This is based on the year-on-year evidence from baseline study in newly intervened areas as discussed in section 3 which shows us that share of burning as a a predominant CRM method has come down from approximately 90% in 2018 to 50% in the last couple of years including agricultural year 2023-24.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://sustainabledevelopment.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CABL-CRM_2024.pdf","substitution":"WC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/","value":"90% to 50%","year":"2018-2024"},{"claim":"Mechanized in-situ management techniques like Super SMS with Happy Seeder or Smart Seeder reduce operational costs to 4,400–6,075 INR/ha compared to 8,875 INR/ha for conventional burning.","geography":"North-west India (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh)","kind":"economics","quote":"Conventional burning, though convenient, incurs higher operational costs (8,875/ha) and leads to severe ecological damage. In contrast, in situ residue management techniques such as the use of Super SMS with Happy Seeder or Smart Seeder not only reduce costs significantly (4,400–6,075/ha) but also enhance soil health and moisture retention.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndFarm/article/download/174431/64146/505225","substitution":"WC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/","value":"4,400–6,075 INR/ha vs 8,875 INR/ha","year":"2024"},{"claim":"The switch to sustainable management practices has been driven by government schemes providing subsidies for machinery (e.g., 50% for individual farmers, 80% for custom hiring centers) and intensive awareness campaigns.","geography":"North-west India","kind":"driver","quote":"As part of this initiative, individual farmers are provided with 50% financial support for acquiring agricultural machinery, while Farm Machinery Banks or custom hiring centres for crop residue management (CRM) are established with an 80% subsidy on the overall project cost.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndFarm/article/download/174431/64146/505225","substitution":"WC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/","value":"50% to 80% subsidy","year":"2018-2024"},{"claim":"The share of paddy straw managed without burning in Punjab increased from 20.49% in 2016 to 49.91% in 2023.","geography":"Punjab, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"Overall, paddy straw management has increased from 20.49 per cent during 2016 to 49.91 per cent during 2023.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.acspublisher.com/journals/index.php/ijee/article/view/10703","substitution":"WC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/","value":"20.49% to 49.91%","year":"2016-2023"},{"claim":"In Punjab, residue burning events decreased by 87% in 2024 relative to the 2020 baseline of 83,002 events.","geography":"Punjab, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"In Punjab, a consistent downward trend has been observed, with reductions of 14% in 2021, 40% in 2022, 56% in 2023, and 87% in 2024 relative to the 2020 burning events (83,002 events).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/IndFarm/article/download/174431/64146/505225","substitution":"WC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/","value":"87% reduction in 2024 relative to 2020","year":"2020-2024"},{"claim":"In a 2022 survey of Punjab farmers, 58% used in-situ crop residue management practices, while 33% opted for ex-situ methods.","geography":"Punjab, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"The report finds that 58 per cent of the surveyed farmers managed straw using machines like Super Seeders and Rotavator. ... According to CEEW’s report, nearly 33 per cent of the surveyed farmers opted for ex-situ methods of crop residue management","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.ceew.in/sites/default/files/half-of-punjabs-crop-residue-machine-users-still-burn-paddy-stubble.pdf","substitution":"WC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/","value":"58% in-situ, 33% ex-situ","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Between 2015 and 2017, the percentage of farmers in the study sample who fully burned their residue reduced from 62.6% to 42%.","geography":"Punjab, India","kind":"displacement","quote":"Between 2015 and 2017, the percentage of farmers who fully burned their residue reduced from 62.6% to 42%.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2976-601X/ad2689/pdf","substitution":"WC01","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc01/","value":"62.6% to 42%","year":"2015-2017"},{"claim":"Households in Kiambu County, Kenya, that adopted BSF technology recycled 3-fold higher volumes of organic waste annually compared to those using conventional composting.","geography":"Kenya","kind":"performance","quote":"Households adopting BSF recycle 3-fold higher volumes of organic waste annually and generate 5-fold higher return on investment than those using conventional composting.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44279-026-00631-2","substitution":"WC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc02/","value":"3-fold higher volumes","year":"2026"},{"claim":"A life cycle cost analysis in Semarang, Indonesia, found that BSF-based systems have a lower total cost of $1785.21 per ton compared to $2541.82 per ton for conventional composting.","geography":"Indonesia","kind":"economics","quote":"Meanwhile, the BSF method has an LCC of 1785.21 USD with investment and operational costs of 1169.98 USD and 614.23 USD.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/gn9mf3xrwwh","substitution":"WC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc02/","value":"$1785.21 USD vs $2541.82 USD per ton","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A pilot project in Thailand diverted nearly 79% of organic waste from landfills over a two-year period using BSF larvae.","geography":"Thailand","kind":"displacement","quote":"During a pilot project in Thailand, Usapein and Chavalparit (2014) reported that using BSF larvae for food waste treatment diverted nearly 79% of organic waste from landfills over a two-year period.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainability/articles/10.3389/frsus.2025.1620925/full","substitution":"WC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc02/","value":"79%","year":"2014-2016"},{"claim":"The actual adoption rate of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a protein source in animal feed among surveyed livestock farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa is four percent.","geography":"Sub-Saharan Africa","kind":"driver","quote":"The results show that about 20 percent of surveyed farmers are aware of BSFL as a protein source in animal feed, and the actual adoption rate of BSFL is four percent.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-economics/articles/10.3389/frevc.2025.1519767/full","substitution":"WC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc02/","value":"4%","year":"2025"},{"claim":"A global study mapped 121 black soldier fly companies worldwide.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"At the time of writing, this report mapped 121 BSF companies worldwide.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.subnational.finance/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/global-black-soldier-fly-sector.pdf","substitution":"WC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc02/","value":"121 companies","year":"2023"},{"claim":"The vast majority of reviewed black soldier fly larvae production systems that valorize livestock manure operate at the micro-scale level.","geography":"global","kind":"driver","quote":"The results further show that, to date, most manure-valorizing BSFL production systems operate at the micro-scale level.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"pilot or niche","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/16/12177","substitution":"WC02","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc02/","value":"vast majority (66 of 75 systems)","year":"2023"},{"claim":"Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge can reduce the mass of solids requiring disposal by 40–41% compared to conventional baseline systems.","geography":"USA (Great Lakes Water Authority)","kind":"performance","quote":"The reduction in solids mass for the anaerobic digestion alternatives is consistent with a prior study conducted at the GLWA WRRF, which found a 40–41% sludge volume reduction in pilot-scale anaerobic digesters (Safferman et al. 2022).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://iwaponline.com/wst/article/91/3/295/106877/Development-of-a-process-model-and-life-cycle","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"40–41% sludge volume reduction","year":"2022"},{"claim":"Lime stabilized sludge disposed of in landfills results in high greenhouse gas emissions (2,040 kg CO2e per dry tonne), comparable to untreated sludge.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Lime stabilized sludge disposed of in landfill shows comparably high emissions (2,040 kg CO2e per dry tonne) as untreated sludge.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"not applicable","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://https-pubs-acs-org-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/aeecco/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00470/68067180/acsestengg.6c00470.pdf","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"2,040 kg CO2e per dry tonne","year":"2026 (approx)"},{"claim":"Open dumping of organic waste generates about 300 kgCO2eq t−1, which is significantly higher than the 22.55 kgCO2eq t−1 from aerated static pile composting and 1.15 kgCO2eq t−1 from anaerobic digestion with digestate composting.","geography":"Uganda (Lacor Hospital)","kind":"performance","quote":"Considering the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Waste Emission Model (Frøiland Jensen and Pipatti, 2006), open dumping of OFMSW generates about 300 kgCO2eq t − 1, far greater than the 22.55 kgCO2eq t − 1 from S1 and the 1.15 kgCO2eq t − 1 from S2 calculated in the “average” scenario.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/retrieve/86fec640-fd0f-488f-b9eb-e38883b1eaad/barbieri1-s2.0-S2211464524000460-main.pdf","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"300 kgCO2eq t−1 vs 22.55 kgCO2eq t−1 and 1.15 kgCO2eq t−1","year":"2024 (approx)"},{"claim":"In 2008, 66% of the 1.6 Mt of sewage sludge produced annually in the UK was treated by anaerobic digestion.","geography":"UK","kind":"displacement","quote":"In 2008, of 1.6 Mt of sewage sludge produced annually by the industry, 66% was treated by AD and 60% of the biogas produced by this process was used to generate renewable heat and power using a CHP engine.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7968b4e5274a2acd18c991/anaerobic-digestion-strat-action-plan.pdf","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"66%","year":"2008"},{"claim":"The proportion of thermally treated sewage sludge in Germany increased from 31.5% in 2004 to more than 54% in 2011.","geography":"Germany","kind":"performance","quote":"Germany’s municipal sewage treatment plants generate some two million tons of dry sewage sludge annually, with the proportion of ther mally treated sewage sludge increasing from 31.5 per cent in 2004 to more than 54 % in 2011.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/system/files/medien/378/publikationen/sewage_sludge_management_in_germany.pdf","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"31.5% to more than 54%","year":"2004-2011"},{"claim":"The percentage of UK farms processing any waste, crops, or feedstocks by anaerobic digestion increased from 8% in 2022 to 15% in 2026.","geography":"UK","kind":"driver","quote":"In 2022, just 8% of farms were processing by anaerobic digestion but this has increased in recent years, rising to 15% in 2026 (Figure 1).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/farm-practices-survey-february-2026/anaerobic-digestion","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"8% to 15%","year":"2022-2026"},{"claim":"Anaerobic digestion prior to landfilling reduces greenhouse gas emissions to 648 kg CO2e dry t−1 compared to 2,040 kg CO2e dry t−1 for lime stabilized sludge disposed of in landfills.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"When AD precedes landfill disposal, emissions drop markedly to 648 kg CO2e dry t−1. ... Lime stabilized sludge disposed of in landfill shows comparably high emissions (2,040 kg CO2e per dry tonne) as untreated sludge.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://https-pubs-acs-org-443.webvpn1.xju.edu.cn/aeecco/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acsestengg.6c00470/68067180/acsestengg.6c00470.pdf","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"648 kg CO2e dry t−1 vs 2,040 kg CO2e dry t−1","year":"2024 (approx)"},{"claim":"In Switzerland, stricter regulations in 2016 prohibited the direct use of sludge as fertilizer, making incineration the preferred disposal method unless valuable constituents can be recovered.","geography":"Switzerland","kind":"driver","quote":"These health concerns encouraged authorities, such as the Swiss government, to implement stricter regulations in 2016, prohibiting the direct use of sludge as fertilizer [8]. Instead, incineration became the preferred disposal method, except when valuable constituents can be recovered [9].","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/70182/2/2025_Corre_Life_cycle_assessment_techno-economic_comparison.pdf","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"2016 regulation change","year":"2016"},{"claim":"In the United States, 53% of wastewater solids (sewage sludges) were treated and recycled to soils as biosolids fertilizers and soil amendments in 2018, while the remaining 47% were placed in landfills or incinerated.","geography":"USA","kind":"performance","quote":"Over half (53%) of wastewater solids (sewage sludges) are treated and recycled to soils as biosolids fertilizers and soil amendments, according to representative data from 2018 compiled by the National Biosolids Data Project (NBDP). The other 47% of U.S. wastewater solids are placed in landfills or incinerated.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://www.biosolidsdata.org/national-summary","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"53%","year":"2018"},{"claim":"In Slovakia, the mass fraction of anaerobically stabilised sludge accounts for approximately 76% of the total sludge production.","geography":"Slovakia","kind":"performance","quote":"The mass fraction of anaerobically stabilised sludge accounts for approximately 76% of the total sludge production of the Slovak Republic.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"majority share of a major market","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/b9c2cwmjl6k","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"76%","year":"2010-2022 average"},{"claim":"Landfilling of sewage sludge in the EU-27 and several other European countries exhibited a clear downward trend from 2011 to 2022, with a particularly sharp decline after 2019.","geography":"multi-country or global","kind":"displacement","quote":"Landfilling exhibited a clear downward trend, with volumes steadily decreasing over time. A particularly sharp decline after 2019 likely reflects EU policies aimed at reducing landfill dependency and promoting more sustainable waste management practices.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"peer-reviewed","source_url":"https://exa.ai/library/publication/b9c2cwmjl6k","substitution":"WC03","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc03/","value":"downward trend","year":"2011-2022"},{"claim":"The amount of organic waste collected for composting in the United States increased from approximately 622,000 tons in 2013 to about 10.3 million tons in 2020.","geography":"United States","kind":"displacement","quote":"A portion of the 72,000 MTCO2e net reduction in the waste sector over these years is attributable to the reduced landfilling of organic waste, as the amount of organic waste collected for composting increased from about 622,000 tons in 2013 to about 10.3 million tons in 2020.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-01/organic_waste_management_january2022.pdf","substitution":"WC04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc04/","value":"622,000 tons to 10.3 million tons","year":"2013-2020"},{"claim":"Diverting the inedible half of food waste to anaerobic digestion is estimated to account for slightly over half of the potential 55.45 MMT CO2e reduction in net methane emissions from food waste.","geography":"United States","kind":"performance","quote":"Granted, halving food waste by redistributing the edible half is a huge undertaking and would be responsible for almost half of that reduction (27.5 MMT, or 49.6% of the 55.45 MMT reduction), but diverting the inedible half to ADs is an even larger com ponent, accounting for slightly over half (50.4%) of the reduction.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://energy-vision.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/EV-National-AD-Report-1.pdf","substitution":"WC04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc04/","value":"50.4% of the reduction","year":"2024"},{"claim":"Tipping fees are the primary driver of profitability for anaerobic digestion facilities, while policy credits like RINs and LCFS are crucial for economic feasibility.","geography":"United States","kind":"economics","quote":"Tipping fees are identified as the primary driver of profitability, while policy credits play a crucial role in enhancing economic feasibility, particularly for renewable natural gas production.","quote_verified":"no","scale":"","source_tier":"government or intergovernmental","source_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2583937","substitution":"WC04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc04/","value":"primary driver of profitability","year":"2025"},{"claim":"The share of municipal waste composted and digested in the EU increased from 11% in 2004 to 17% in 2018.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"share of municipal waste composted and digested was 17 % in 2018 — up from 11 % in 2004 — a high proportion of bio-waste still ends up in the mixed waste that is landfilled or incinerated, even in many countries with well-established separate collection systems.","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"minority but measured share or volume","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bbia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/TH-AL-20-010-EN-N-Bio-waste-in-Europe-09-06-20.pdf","substitution":"WC04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc04/","value":"11% to 17%","year":"2004-2018"},{"claim":"The amount of municipal waste that is composted or anaerobically digested increased by 52% between 2004 and 2018.","geography":"EU","kind":"displacement","quote":"However, the amount of municipal waste that is composted or anaerobically digested — which might include some mixed municipal waste treated in mechanical-biological treatment plants — increased by 52 % in the period 2004-2018 (Eurostat, 2020).","quote_verified":"yes","scale":"large measured reduction of the old process","source_tier":"weak (company, news, market research, other)","source_url":"https://bbia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/TH-AL-20-010-EN-N-Bio-waste-in-Europe-09-06-20.pdf","substitution":"WC04","url":"https://cn.bioecon.ru/substitutions/wc04/","value":"52%","year":"2004-2018"}],"version":"2026-10-16"}